{"id":54219,"date":"2019-12-10T15:04:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-10T09:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogadmin.forumias.com\/?p=54219"},"modified":"2020-02-26T15:19:07","modified_gmt":"2020-02-26T09:49:07","slug":"7-pm-inequality-and-its-discontents-10th-december-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/7-pm-inequality-and-its-discontents-10th-december-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"7 PM |Inequality and its discontents| 10th December 2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Context:\n<\/strong>Human\nDevelopment Report 2019 and its findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>More\nin news:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Human Development Report 2019 has been\nreleased recently.<\/li><li>The report is titled, \u201cBeyond income,\nbeyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st\ncentury\u201d.<\/li><li>India climbed one spot to 129 in the\nlatest human development released by UNDP.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Human\ndevelopment report:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Human development index (HDI) report is\nreleased by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).<\/li><li>The HDI is the composite measure of\nevery country\u2019s attainment in three basic dimensions:<\/li><li>Health\nmeasured by the life expectancy at birth.<\/li><li>Education\nlevels calculated by mean years of education among the adult population and the\nexpected years of schooling for children.<\/li><li>Standard\nof living measured by the gross national income (GNI) per capita.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Human\nDevelopment Report 2019:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The 2019 Report is titled, \u201cBeyond\nincome, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the\n21st century\u201d.<\/li><li>It is important to note that Oxfam\u2019s\ninequality estimates from earlier this year suggest the top 10 per cent of the\nIndian population holds 77 per cent of the total national wealth.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"blob:https:\/\/blogadmin.forumias.com\/699929dc-a6df-467c-b012-17e2bcccfef6\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>However, inequality\nis not just about disparities in wealth distribution. A large number of Indians\nnot only have very low income, but their opportunities for healthcare,\neducation and social security are dreadfully inadequate. UNDP\u2019s 2019 Human\nDevelopment Report (HDR) explores precisely these inequalities in human\ndevelopment, by going beyond income and identifying the deep-rooted systemic\ndrivers of inequality.<\/li><li>Exploring inequalities in human\ndevelopment thus has to go beyond income, beyond averages and beyond today,\nleading to five key messages:<\/li><li>While\nmany people are stepping above minimum floors of achievement in human\ndevelopment, widespread disparities remain.<\/li><li>A new\ngeneration of severe inequalities in human development is emerging, even if\nmany of the unresolved inequalities of the 20th century are declining. Under\nthe shadow of the climate crisis and sweeping technological change,\ninequalities in human development are taking new forms in the 21st century.<\/li><li>Inequalities\nin human development can accumulate through life, frequently heightened by deep\npower imbalances.<\/li><li>Assessing\ninequalities in human development demands a revolution in metrics. <\/li><li>Redressing\ninequalities in human development in the 21st century is possible\u2014if we act\nnow, before imbalances in economic power translate into entrenched political\ndominance.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Recent\nFindings of the report:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Norway at 0.95 has been ranked the\nhighest on the HDI scale while Niger is the bottom at 0.35.<\/li><li>India Climbed one spot to 129 out of 189\ncountries in 2019 as compared to rank 130 in 2018 report.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>India\u2019s HDI\nvalue for 2018 is 0.647, which put the country in the medium human development\ncategory positioning it at 129 out of 189 countries and territories.<\/li><li>Between 1990 and 2018, India\u2019s HDI value\nincreased from 0.431 to 0.647, an increase of 50.0 percent.<\/li><li>Between 1990 and 2018, India\u2019s life\nexpectancy at birth increased by 11.6 years, mean years of schooling increased\nby 3.5 years and expected years of schooling increased by 4.7 years. <\/li><li>India\u2019s GNI per capita increased by\nabout 262.9 percent between 1990 and 2018.<\/li><li>From South Asia, countries which are\nclose to India in 2018 HDI rank and to some extent in population size are\nBangladesh and Pakistan, which have HDIs ranked 135 and 152 respectively.<strong><\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Gender\nDevelopment Index: <\/strong>The GDI is calculated for 166 countries.\nThe 2018 female HDI value for India is 0.574 in contrast with 0.692 for males,\nresulting in a GDI value of 0.829, placing it into Group 5.<strong><\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td>\n \n \n \n \n <strong>Gender\n Development Index:<\/strong>\n In\n the 2014 HDR, a new measure, \u201cthe Gender Development Index (GDI)\u201d was\n introduced. It is based on the sex-disaggregated Human Development Index,\n defined as a ratio of the female to the male HDI.The\n GDI measures gender inequalities in achievement in three basic dimensions\n of human development: health (measured\n by female and male life expectancy at birth), education\n (measured by female and male expected years of schooling for children and\n mean years for adults aged 25 years and older) and command over\n economic resources (measured by female and male estimated GNI per capita).Countries\n with absolute deviation from gender parity of more than 10 percent are\n considered countries with low equality in HDI achievements between women\n and men and are classified as group 5.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Gender\nInequality Index: <\/strong>The Gender Inequality Index (GII)\nreflects gender-based disadvantage in three dimensions\u2014reproductive health,\nempowerment and the labour market. <\/li><li>It\nranges from 0, where women and men fare equally, to 1, where one gender fares\nas poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.<\/li><li>India\nhas a GII value of 0.501, ranking it 122 out of 162 countries.<\/li><li>In\ncomparison, Bangladesh and Pakistan are ranked at 129 and 136 respectively on\nthis index.<\/li><li><strong>Multidimensional\nPoverty Index (MPI):<\/strong> The 2010 HDR introduced the MPI, which\nidentifies multiple overlapping deprivations suffered by individuals<\/li><li>In\nIndia, 27.9 percent of the population (373,735 thousand people) are\nmultidimensionally poor while an additional 19.3 percent are classified as vulnerable\nto multidimensional poverty (258,002 thousand people).<\/li><li>The\nmultidimensional poverty headcount is 6.7 percentage points higher than income\npoverty. This implies that individuals living above the income poverty line may\nstill suffer deprivations in health, education and\/or satandard of living.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Climate\nchange and inequalities in human development:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Inequality and the climate crisis are\ninterwoven\u2014from emissions and impacts to policies and resilience. Countries\nwith higher human development generally emit more carbon per person and have\nhigher ecological footprints overall.<\/li><li>Climate change will hurt human\ndevelopment in many ways beyond crop failures and natural disasters.<\/li><li>Climate change will hit the tropics\nharder first, and many developing countries are in the tropics. At the same\ntime, developing countries and poor and vulnerable communities have fewer\ncapacities to adapt to climate change and severe weather events than do their\nricher counterparts.<\/li><li>The negative impacts of climate change\nextend to health and education. Between 2030 and 2050 climate change is\nexpected to cause some 250,000 additional deaths a year from malnutrition,\nmalaria, diarrhoea and heat stress.<\/li><li>If disasters tend to hit disadvantaged\npeople harder, climate change could make vicious cycles of low outcomes and low\nopportunities more persistent.<\/li><li>Millions of Indians in low-lying coastal\nareas are exposed to a rise in sea levels. <\/li><li>Around two-fifths of the population\nsubsist on agriculture that relies on increasingly erratic rainfall and\nfluctuating temperatures.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Conclusion:\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The report reminds decision-makers of\nthe importance of providing basic services to their people and of equipping\nthem to live with dignity. <\/li><li>Further, the report underlines that poor\npeople should be protected from the fallout of climate change and benefit from\nmodern breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and robotics.<\/li><li>It is noteworthy that India is no longer\na country languishing largely in extreme poverty. It is a country with\npervasive inequality, pockets of deep deprivations and vulnerable populations.<\/li><li>Thus, India has invested in important\nbuilding blocks to equip its people to thrive rather than just survive. A focus\non rights-based entitlements, for example, work through the&nbsp;Mahatma\nGandhi&nbsp;National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREGA) and technological\ninnovations such as to open bank accounts and facilitate digital payments to\nbeneficiaries has gone some way towards improving living standards. <\/li><li>New insurance schemes for universal\nhealth coverage, crop-failure and accidents reflect a momentum for action to\ntackle inequality. These measures are absolutely crucial in reaching those left\nfurthest behind.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/2019-human-development-report-india-inequality-poverty-economic-growth-6158809\/\">https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/2019-human-development-report-india-inequality-poverty-economic-growth-6158809\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Context: Human Development Report 2019 and its findings. More in news: Human Development Report 2019 has been released recently. The report is titled, \u201cBeyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century\u201d. India climbed one spot to 129 in the latest human development released by UNDP. Human development report: Human&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/7-pm-inequality-and-its-discontents-10th-december-2019\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">7 PM |Inequality and its discontents| 10th December 2019<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130,955,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-7-pm","category-7-pm-brief-infograph","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1700077592},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54219"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54219\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54219"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54219"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}