{"id":75479,"date":"2021-01-05T21:00:20","date_gmt":"2021-01-05T15:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=75479"},"modified":"2021-01-06T12:54:25","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T07:24:25","slug":"9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-january-5-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-january-5-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief \u2013 January 5, 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Good evening dear reader<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Here is our 9pm current affairs brief for you today<\/p>\n<div class=\"content-box-blue\">\r\n<p><strong>About 9 PM Brief<\/strong>- With the <span style=\"color: #000000;\">9 PM Daily Current affairs for UPSC brief we intend<\/span> to simplify the newspaper reading experience. In 9PM briefs, we provide our reader with a summary of all the important articles and editorials from three important newspapers namely The Hindu, Indian Express, and Livemint. This will provide you with analysis, broad coverage, and factual information from a Mains examination point of view.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>About Factly<\/strong>- The Factly initiative covers all the daily news articles regarding Preliminary examination. This will be provided at the end of the 9 PM Brief.<\/p>\r\n<p>Dear Aspirants,<\/p>\r\n<p>We know for a fact that learning without evaluation is a wasted effort. Therefore, we request you to please go through both our initiatives i.e 9PM Briefs and Factly, then evaluate yourself through the 10PM Current Affairs Quiz.<\/p>\r\n<p>We plan to integrate all our free daily initiatives to comprehensively support your success journey.<br \/><strong>Happy Learning!<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>GS-Paper 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW76093464\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW76093464\">Shou<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW76093464\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart BCX0 SCXW76093464\">ld There Be Wages for Housework?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP BCX0 SCXW76093464\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>GS-Paper 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Way forward for India at<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> UNSC<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\">Rising vaccine\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\">hesitancy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\">its<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW108483113\">\u00a0solution<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>A multi-dimensional approach to tackle malnutrition<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>GS-Paper 3<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun BCX0 SCXW143861697\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun BCX0 SCXW143861697\">Solving the issue of Urban employment through platform\/gig economy<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Increasing energy efficiency among consumer <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"note1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/should-there-be-wages-for-housework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Shou<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ld There Be Wages for Housework?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Source-<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GVN84UQ37.1&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus-<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0GS 1\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211;\u00a0 Salient<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Role of women and women\u2019s organization<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Synopsis-<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">MNM led by Kamal Haasan promised to recognize\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">HouseWorks<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Efforts by historical movement\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to provide wages for<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">HouseWorks<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0highlighted many challenges in doing that<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Background-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Makkal<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Needhi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Maiam<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0MNM<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, led by its founder Kamal\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Haasan<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">has<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">promised<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0that\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">h<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">omemakers<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0will get their due recognition through payment for their\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">house<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">w<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ork<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">which hitherto has bee<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n unrecognized and unmonitored.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">According to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">International\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Labour<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Organization<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">women perform\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">76.2 per cent of total hours of unpaid care work,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0more than three times as much as men.\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0This figure rises to 80%<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">i<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">n Asia and the Pacific.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The debate around\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">wages<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0for housework remained unresolved within the women\u2019s\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">campaign- \u2018<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">wages for housework movement<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is wages for housework movement?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The International Wages for Housework Campaign\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">started in Italy in 1972<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">feminist movement<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0that highlighted the<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0role of gendered\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">labour<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in the home<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and its connection to the production of surplus value under capitalism.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202fThe movement further spread to Britain and America.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Though women\u2019s work helps men to be productive, this contribution is largely unnoticed. It is extremely difficult to quantify how much women contribute to the economy with their unsung work but it would run into the billions or beyond.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">were the hurdles faced in demand of<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">wages for housework<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f\u2018<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ages for housework\u2019 would only imprison women<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0further within the household<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0as-<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Paid housework would reinforce gendered division of roles, keeping women in their traditional role of wife and mother.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A salary would iso<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">late women from the community and prevent men from sharing housework.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A salary would legitimize their oppression.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thus, the idea behind women\u2019s movement should be made them free from daily domestic chores and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">allow them to participate in social sphere and further including paid employment outside the household.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What are the issues that need\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to re<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">solve<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0before providing wages for\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">housework?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Though MNM has made a promise, but there are\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">few important<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0question<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s or challenges<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that need to answered to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">make it look feasible;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Once salaried, housework would be controlled in terms of number of hours, quality of work, and so on.<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0W<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ho would exercise this control a<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">nd under what terms?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Would it\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">include women only<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, who are full-time homemakers?<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What about women workers who earn an income from home by\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">stitching clothes, selling cooked meals or are engaged in petty trade<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and identified a \u2018Housewives\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">?\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">These issues cannot solve easily. Therefore, the idea of a\u202f<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Universal Basic I<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ncome\u202f(UBI)<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0an unconditional\u202fcash\u202fpayment to low income households\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and should be transfer<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">directly to women.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Way forward-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">W<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">omen constitute almost half the population and their needs and issues have to be addressed.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Paid domestic works<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0are done predominantly by women in other\u2019s houses. Thus, a\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">National legislation for domestic workers<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0containing guarantees foe minimum wages, and the workers\u2019 status and rights\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">should be enacted<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0demand of women domestic workers in\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Tamilnadu<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0address\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the issue of value of housework in their demands\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">i.e.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0an hourly minimum wage, a weekly day-off, an annual bonus.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thus, all political parties must\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">seriously consider their demands<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as will be\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">helpful in asserting the dignity of housework\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and making it a visible and valued form of\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">labour<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"note1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/way-forward-for-india-at-unsc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Way forward for India at<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> UNSC<\/span><\/b><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Source:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/india-elected-united-nations-security-council-7132965\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Click Here<\/span><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">GS<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0-2, International Relations\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Synopsis:<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">assumes UNSC membership for the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">8th\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">time\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">as one of the 10 non-permanent members<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, it should integrate\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">UNSC<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">functions with\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">national objectives while adjusting to changed realities<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Introduction\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Dynamics at UNSC have changed completely since the cold war,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">while India\u2019s attitude has c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hanged\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">from the reactive to the proactive.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">needs<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to align its goals of national objectives at UNSC with the present dynamics at UNSC to achieve maximum gain.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India\u2019s new term should be<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">led by<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">purposeful and\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">pragmatism<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Purposefulness\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is about tightly\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">incorporating<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">UNSC\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">meeting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0with India\u2019s broader national goals.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Pragmatism<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">requires\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">adapting to the changed conditions at the UNSC and avoiding overly ambitious goals.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How UNSC and India evolved\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">post-cold<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0war<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">During 1991-92,<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India\u2019s term at UNSC was influenced by the collapse of the Soviet Union.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Delhi was\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">fix<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ing<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0its broken economy and<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0was<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">reorganising<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0its foreign policy to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">survive<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> the post-Soviet world.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Countries Like EU and Us wanted to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">transform th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0\u201cinter-national\u201d forum into<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0a \u201csupra-national\u201d institution<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, to interfere actively in the matter of countries<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India had to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">resist external solutions to its\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">problems on issues like<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0the Kashmi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">r question and the nuclear<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thus, India was not vocal and adopted a defensive approach at that time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">201<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1-12,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">revived Russia and a rising China began influencing UNSC to resist west.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India witnessed rapid economic growth in the first decade of 21<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">st<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0century which resulted in improvement of its\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">own relative position\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in the meeting.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Delhi was less defensive than in the 1990s, but\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">was struggling<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">change\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">its new strengths into practical outcomes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">At present<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0UNSC term of India,<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0it is facing the challenge of sharp competition between US, China and Russia. Which is enforced by\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">closeness of Russia-China and disagreement between US and EU.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What objectives India would be\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">taking along at the UNSC?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">To make its present term fruitful, India\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">needs<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">work towards<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a05 objectives;<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Firstly<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">making the UNSC effective<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Except brief moment of cooperation in 1990s, UNSC is dealing with<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0the divisions among\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">5<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0permanent members,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">making it<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0less effective.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India needs to carve out the larger room for itself\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and try to create an atmosphere of cooperation as done by US and USSR on nuclear proliferation<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Secondly<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">making the UNSC more representative<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India wanted\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">permanent membership<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0since the end of the Cold War but\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">China\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">does not want\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India and Japan\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">join the UNSC as permanent\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">members.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India should push\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">its efforts<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in partnership with Brazil, Germany and Japan, to expand the UNSC.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thirdly, India\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">has to deal with China\u2019s growing\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">enmity<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the issue\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0cross-border terrorism china continues to protect<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Pakistan f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rom the international pressures<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and also\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tried to get the UNSC to focus on India\u2019s constitutional changes in Kashmir<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India should try to get the wind in its\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">favour<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0by\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">presenting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0real facts\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Four<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">thly<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, the engagement with peace and security issues at the UNSC<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India will be able to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">strengthen its ne<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">w coalitions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For example, the Quad\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">which brings together Aus<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tralia, India, Japan and the US.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\">C<span data-contrast=\"auto\">ollaboration with its European partners like France and Germany in the security\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">field.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Fifth<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ly, Delhi should renew<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0its\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ties\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">with its\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">old<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0partners<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Delhi should express the peace and security concerns of the global south in UNSC.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Supporting the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rule<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and survivability of the island states is a\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">critical<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0political task for India.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">60 per cent of UNSC documents<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and 70 per cent of its resolutions are abou<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t peace and security in Africa. There is an opportunity\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">for Delhi to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">deepen<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0India\u2019s engagement on peace and security issues in Africa at bilateral, regional and global levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"note1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/rising-vaccine-hesitancy-and-its-solution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Rising vaccine\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hesitancy<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">its<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0solution<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Source-<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/covid-vaccine-approval-coronavirus-vaccination-programme-drug-regulator-dgci-7132762\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Indian Express<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Syllabus-<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0GS<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0&#8211;<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector\/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Synopsis-<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As the country readies to implement its\u202fCOVID-19 vaccination\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">programme<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0vaccine hesitancy could be an issue that the government needs to address forthwith.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Introduction-<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Prime-<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Minister hailed the approval of two made in India COVID-19 vaccines by the drug regulator<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and said<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">India<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0is on the threshold of beginning the largest vaccination\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">programme<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in the<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0world.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0the COVID-19 vaccination intent is decreasing<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0due to increasing hesitancy<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is the general perception around the world regarding vaccine drive?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Following are the findings that validates the increasing Vaccine hesitancy<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Recently, a<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0survey\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">with approximately 11,000 respondents\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">was conducted in India,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to understand the openness to take the vaccine,\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bout 53 per cent of the\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">respondent were<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0unsure about taking COVID-19 vaccin<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">survey by New Delhi&#8217;s citizen-survey platform Local<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211;<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Circles found that about 69 per cent of respondents saw no urgent need to get immunized.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Key reasons cited for hesitancy were\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">limited information about efficacy, side-<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">effects<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0perceived high immunity level<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Moreover, COVID-19 vaccination<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0intent is decreasing\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">globally.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Since<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0August, intentions to get vaccinated have dropped in 10 of 15 countries, most of all China (down 12 points), Australia (down 9), Spain (down 8), and Brazil (down 7).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is World Health Organization\u2019s view on Vaccine Hesitancy?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy concluded that vaccine hesitancy refers to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0despite availability of vaccination services. Vaccine hesitancy is\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">complex and context specific, varying across time, place and vaccines.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is influenced by<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">factors such as\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">complacency, convenience and confidence\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">[3C model]<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Complacency<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211; Refers to a low perceived risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and therefore it is assumed vaccines are not needed. Other issues are considered more important.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Convenience<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Vaccination convenience is a significant factor that entails physical availability, affordability and willingness-to-pay. This continuum ranges from total acceptance to complete refusal.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"5\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Confidence<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211; Refers to a lack of trust in the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, the system that delivers them \u2013 including the reliability of the health professional \u2013 and\/or the motivations of policy-makers who make determinations about vaccines.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What needs to be done to remove Vaccine Hesitancy?\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Misinformation, specifically online, is a big threat to trust in Vaccines\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and their programs<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0as proved by losses suffered by poultry sector due to erroneously linking consumption of chickens to the disease.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Communication strategies are critical for tracking, negotiating and shaping perceptions around the vaccines and the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">programme<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"8\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">First<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">strategies<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0need to be shaped around four key themes-<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Product development, prioritization strategies,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">programme<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0rollout activities<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, and\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">AEFI\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(Adverse Effects Following Immunization) and\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">AESI<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(Adverse Effects of Special Interest).<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"6\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Second<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, i<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t is very important to\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">give confidence to the public<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0by discussing the robustness of various processes involve<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">d in drug\/vaccine development such as\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">clinical trial designs, conduct, monitoring, analysis, reporting and the regulatory reviews that happen before it is approved<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"7\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This will make the public aware about the rigorous processes followed for clinical trials, and the approval, as followed by regulators<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Thus,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">c<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ommunicating consistently, transparently, empathetically and proactively about uncertainty, risks and vaccine availability will contribute to building trust.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"note1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/a-multi-dimensional-approach-to-tackle-malnutrition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A multi-dimensional approach to tackle malnutrition<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Source: &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/equal-wages-women-men-mgnrega-gender-equality-malnutrition-7132922\/\">Indian Express<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Syllabus \u2013 GS- 2 \u2013 Hunger and Malnutrition<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Synopsis:<\/strong> Solution to the issue of malnutrition is not solely dependent on increasing food intake, but it requires a multidimensional approach including women empowerment.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) has provided<strong> mixed results<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Positive results<\/strong> include fall in infant mortality rates and under-five mortality rates, increase in institutional births and child immunisation rates. <strong>Negative results<\/strong> include worsening nutrition level.<\/li>\n<li>For dealing with the issue of malnutrition, it is important that direct nutrition interventions are ensured during pregnancy, breastfeeding and in the early years of a child\u2019s life.\n<ul>\n<li>hot cooked meals with adequate protein, milk, and green leafy vegetables should be provided to the pregnant women, lactating mothers and young children.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>How to improve the nutrition level by a multidimensional approach?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Hot cooked meals <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Many states have replaced the provision of <strong>take-home rations<\/strong> with the daily <strong>hot cooked meals<\/strong> for mothers<\/li>\n<li>It also <strong>provides an opportunity<\/strong> for the front-line workers <strong>to give pregnant women iron, folic acid and calcium tablets. <\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Moreover, women coming to the anganwadi to take hot cooked meals, instead of take-home ration delivered at their homes, provides workers with an opportunity to engaged in early childhood stimulation activities by <strong>counselling and parenting sessions<\/strong> with the pregnant women.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"width: 87.5516%; height: 153px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 153px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 153px;\" width=\"282\"><strong>Intergenerational cycle of malnutrition?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>malnourished<\/strong>\u00a0mother will give birth to a low-birth-weight baby; the low-birth-weight baby will grow as a\u00a0<strong>malnourished<\/strong>\u00a0child, then to a\u00a0<strong>malnourished<\/strong>\u00a0teenager, then to a\u00a0<strong>malnourished<\/strong>\u00a0pregnant woman, and so the\u00a0<strong>cycle<\/strong>\u00a0continues.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>2. Adoption of life cycle approach<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>To <strong>stop the\u00a0intergenerational cycle of malnutrition<\/strong>, a life cycle approach needs to be adopted, which goes beyond \u201cfirst thousand days\u201d approach.<\/li>\n<li>This approach includes <strong>prevention of child marriage<\/strong> by supporting girls to stay in high school by grassroot programs and improving their nutrition level by Mid-day meal scheme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>3. Economic empowerment <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Childhood care enables girls <strong>to become self-dependent<\/strong> by earning their livelihood. Economic empowerment of women is directly linked to the nutrition level of children.<\/li>\n<li>To assist mothers working without concern of their children\u2019s safety and well-being, Mobile creches for younger children should be provided at worksites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4. Strengthening Anganwadi system<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Worker\u2019s development: <\/strong>Supervisors of anganwadis should be provided with the facilities like\u00a0interest-free loans and fuel allowance for two-wheelers.\n<ul>\n<li>Upgradation of Skill level of Anganwadi workers and supervisors\u00a0should be facilitated through online sessions, trainings and certificate courses on nutrition and early childhood stimulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Infrastructure development:<\/strong> Facilities for cooking, playing of children, water connection should be upgraded.\n<ul>\n<li>Double-burner stoves, gas cylinders, pressure cookers and sufficient steel cooking vessels should be provided to cater to multiple meal requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5. Empowerment at gram panchayat level <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>There are around 2,50,000 gram panchayats in India, and nearly 14 lakh anganwadis, the majority of these are in rural areas.<\/li>\n<li>Every Gram panchayat must have an anganwadi committee, which would meet every month on a fixed day and will present an action plan for Gram Panchayat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>6. Tackling issue of Exclusion and convergence<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Local governments are capable of dealing with both the issues effectively.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>It can ensure the inclusion of the Poorest, migrants, nomadic and semi-nomadic communities in social welfare programs.<\/li>\n<li>Panchayats are best place to deal with the child marriage due to their social reach and influence.<\/li>\n<li>Convergence can also be brought by Panchayats by using its funds in strengthening of Anganwadis. It can work with Anganwadi workers, ASHAs, ANMs and anganwadi supervisors to ensure the beneficiaries are provided with immunisation, antenatal care, maternity benefits and nutrition services.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Women empowerment is the key for tackling the issue of malnutrition and local level government are best placed to make this empowerment possible. All the possible assistance should be made mandatory by the government to anganwadi and program focussed on the welfare of women.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"note1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/solving-the-issue-of-urban-employment-through-platform-gig-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Solving the issue of Urban employment through platform\/gig economy<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Source-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GVN84UQ3B.1&amp;imageview=0\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The Hindu<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Syllabus-\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">GS Paper III<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">(<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Synopsis<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">With<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> no urban equivalent to the NREGA as yet, there must be a focus on supporting new forms of urban employment in the form of the gig economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Background-<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> Debate around GDP contraction and V-Shaped recovery has ignored the prevalence of unemployment in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy points to a gradual slowdown in employment recovery which is evident from the fact that\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">national unemployment rate<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> has been increased from 6.51% to 9.06%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How does the rural economy provide better employment compared to urban?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">For the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">labour<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> population moving back to rural India, National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA) provided employment support, which witnessed a 243% increase in person workdays.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">Whereas many Indian cities, during this pandemic, shut down the employment avenues for millions of workers, who either migrated to rural areas or took up new forms of platform work. Gig economy became their only source of employment.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">What is the Gig Economy?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">A\u00a0labour\u00a0market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Performance of gig\/platform works\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fairwork<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Foundation\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">published its report related to the gig economy and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">its annual<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0review of platform\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">labor<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> gains prominence. It used the following metrics to evaluate the wellbeing of gig workers.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fair Pay<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fair Conditions<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fair Contracts<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fair Management<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Arial\" data-listid=\"10\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Fair Representation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Findings<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In this report p<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">latform giants, namely, Uber, Ola,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Swiggy<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0and Zomato are at the bottom<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\"> of the ranking. Only Urban Company and Flipkart scored fairly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">How to increase urban employment?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">As in Urban India, t<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">here is no scheme like NREGA<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0 Government must focus on evaluating, regulating and supporting platform\/gig employment.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Issue of evaluation<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211;<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Current understanding regarding the scale and impact of these platforms is only based on the limited disclosure by the companies themselves.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Moreover, there exists no authoritative estimate on the total number of gig workers in India.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">There is a need to create a valid database regarding platform works and workers to facilitate evaluation.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">2. Issue of regulation<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211; This<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0step is significantly more sensitive as it revolves around the variable nature of gig work.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">As these platforms are used both as a \u201cside hustle\u201d, and primary source of employment.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">One-size-fits-all regulatory strategy further complicates the matter as regulations might also hurt the freelancing works that provided avenues to highly skilled workers during Pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"3\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">For that, Government can enter into partnerships with platforms like it did by flagship scheme.<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0Swiggy\u2019s\u00a0Street Food Vendors\u00a0programme\u00a0under the PM\u00a0SVANidhi\u00a0scheme.\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"3\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Under this scheme,\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Swiggy\u00a0employed 36,000 street food vendors<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0and also\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">ensured the registration of each vendor and their certification by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0a7\" data-font=\"Wingdings\" data-listid=\"1\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"3\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">The simultaneous creation of jobs, alongside the voluntary adoption of quality standards is an example of a mutually beneficial partnership between the state and a platform.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">3. Urban employment<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Similar collaborations<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0can be done by the government for urban employment, that require\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">labour<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0platforms to comply with disclosure norms and worker compensation standards to access government support<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"o\" data-font=\"Courier New\" data-listid=\"9\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"2\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">It would not only\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">bring down costs<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0significantly (for both the state and their partners), but would also create an environment where\u00a0<\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">firms would be more likely to cooperate with the state<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Way Forward<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">India must take significant steps to tackle the challenge of urban unemployment in the present reality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">With Industry 4.0 platforms absorbing increasing numbers of the urban workforce, the government must focus on evaluation, collaboration, and regulation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">By now, India must have its own understanding of the future of work. For that, the state needs to ensure that this future is defined not only by the quantity of jobs it creates but also by the quality of livelihoods they provide for<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 class=\"note1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/increasing-energy-efficiency-among-consumers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Increasing energy efficiency among consumer <\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Synopsis: <\/strong>Recently released electricity rules should also focus on the problem faced by DIscoms that can be sorted out by increasing energy efficiency.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/epaper.thehindu.com\/Home\/ShareArticle?OrgId=GVN84UQ2H.1&amp;imageview=0\">The Hindu<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Syllabus <\/strong>\u2013 GS-3 \u2013 Energy-related issues<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Recently published Electricity Rules, 2020 lay down uniform performance standards for discoms and makes them\u00a0liable to consumer compensation in case of violations of their rights.<\/p>\n<p>Rules have been framed keeping in mind the decreasing payment rates for electricity bills due to rising consumption and limited finances.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/electricity-rights-of-consumers-rules-2020\/\">Electricity Rules, 2020<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Challenges faced by Discoms <\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Firstly,<\/strong> by 2030, residential electricity consumption in India is expected to double. Moreover, increase in electric appliances\u00a0is creating doubts around the discom\u2019s ability to provide reliable supply at affordable rates.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Secondly<\/strong>, some of the daily use appliances are not Energy Efficient.\n<ul>\n<li>Out of the 90% households using fans, only 3% are using energy-efficient fans,<\/li>\n<li>60% of T.V. \u00a0are energy-guzzling CRT (cathode ray tube) models and<\/li>\n<li>desert coolers are not even covered under the labelling programme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Third,<\/strong> Indian Discoms are facing difficulties in managing their finances that required govt. to sanction liquidity relief to help discoms. But it is only temporary relief.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Way forward<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As mentioned above, discoms might not be able to keep up with the demands of consumers in the long run. Thus, following steps are required to reduce the energy demand;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Firstly, availability and affordability of energy-efficient appliances need to be improved. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Although BEE is planning to bring ceiling fans under mandatory labelling from 2022, it would double the costing, which would create a barrier.<\/li>\n<li>Manufacturers should be provided with lucrative offers to produce efficient technology at scale and bring it within purchasing capacity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Secondly, nationwide consumer awareness campaign should be launched for energy efficiency.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Awareness level among small towns and rural areas is very low compared to residents of metros and tier-1 cities.<\/li>\n<li>Thus, a consumer-centric engagement strategy with the cooperation of State governments, discoms and retailers should be evolved to create mass awareness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Third, supply quality and changing consumption pattern should be monitored on real time basis.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Smart metering should be used to monitor actual saving by consumer due to energy efficient appliances.<\/li>\n<li>It would create a confidence among people and would also be crucial for enforcing consumer rights rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>India has many examples of success in creating awareness for energy efficient appliances. UJALA scheme transformed the market for LED bulbs. Now, 90% of Indian homes use LED lamps or tubes resulting into reduction of carbon emission equivalent to\u00a082 million tonnes.<\/p>\n<p>More such programs are required to be fast-tracked.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"gG9MwWuigt\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/factly-news-articles-for-upsc-prelims-jan-052021\/\">Factly :-News Articles For UPSC Prelims| Jan 05,2021<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Factly :-News Articles For UPSC Prelims| Jan 05,2021&#8221; &#8212; Free UPSC IAS Preparation For Aspirants\" src=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/factly-news-articles-for-upsc-prelims-jan-052021\/embed\/#?secret=0rrWcGOXOx#?secret=gG9MwWuigt\" data-secret=\"gG9MwWuigt\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Good evening dear reader Here is our 9pm current affairs brief for you today GS-Paper 1 Should There Be Wages for Housework?\u00a0 GS-Paper 2 Way forward for India at UNSC Rising vaccine\u00a0hesitancy\u00a0and\u00a0its\u00a0solution A multi-dimensional approach to tackle malnutrition GS-Paper 3 Solving the issue of Urban employment through platform\/gig economy Increasing energy efficiency among consumer Should&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/9-pm-daily-current-affairs-brief-january-5-2021\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">9 PM Daily Current Affairs Brief \u2013 January 5, 2021<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":75337,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-75479","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-9-pm-brief","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/website-banners-9-PM-DAILY-BRIEF-2.jpg?fit=1200%2C628&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704556119},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75479","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=75479"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/75479\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/75337"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=75479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=75479"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=75479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}