{"id":8977,"date":"2017-09-28T12:06:41","date_gmt":"2017-09-28T06:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=8977"},"modified":"2017-09-22T14:13:13","modified_gmt":"2017-09-22T08:43:13","slug":"answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-september-27","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-september-27\/","title":{"rendered":"Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 September 27"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/mains-marathon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Archives<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Q.1) What is Section 498A? The simplest way to harass is to get the husband and his relatives arrested under Section 498A. Discuss with a valid case law. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GS 2<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Defining 498A<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 498A, which was passed by the Parliament in 1983, states that &#8220;whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine\u2019<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0In 1983, \u2018Section 498-A of the IPC was introduced with affirmed object to combat the menace of harassment to a woman at the hands of her husband and his relatives.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fact that Section 498-A is a cognizable and non-bailable offence has lent it a dubious place of pride amongst the provisions that are used as weapons<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Rajesh Sharma vs The State of Uttar Pradesh<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proceedings had arisen from complaint dated 2nd December, 2013 filed by respondent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The complainant alleged that she was married to appellant on 28th November, 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Her father gave dowry as per his capacity but the appellants were not happy with the extent of the dowry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They started abusing the complainant. They made a demand of dowry of Rs.3,00,000\/- and a car which the family could not arrange.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On 10th November, 2013, appellant dropped the complainant at her matrimonial home.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She was pregnant and suffered pain in the process and her pregnancy was terminated. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>498a misuse<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">498a can only be invoked by wife\/daughter-in-law or her relative.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In most cases 498a complaint is followed by the demand of huge amount of money (extortion) to settle the case out of the court.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After giving interim bail, the cases are referred to mediation where the man is psychologically tortured to bow down before wife&#8217;s demands and if he does not do so, his bail is canceled and he is sent to jail.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Q.2) Passing of GST is a shining example of cooperative federalism where States and Centre have ceded their power to tax and come up with a single tax system to realize the dream of one Economic India with \u2018One Market\u2019.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Examine. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GS 3<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is the meaning of GST?<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b><\/b> \u00a0GST is an indirect tax reform which aims to remove the tax barriers between states and create a single market.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0It is a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The Government had introduced the 122nd Amendment Bill, 2014, in the Parliament to facilitate the introduction of GST in the country.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The Bill was finally passed by both the Houses in 2016<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0It is a consumption based tax\/levy. It is based on the \u201cDestination principle.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0GST is applied on goods and services at the place where final\/actual consumption happens.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0It came into force from 1 July, 2017.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0It is levied at multiple rates ranging from 0% to 28%.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>There are three components of GST:-<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Central GST (CGST) \u2013 it will be Levied by Centre<\/p>\n<p>State GST (SGST) \u2013 It will be levied by State<\/p>\n<p>Integrated GST (IGST) \u2013 It will be levied and collected by Central Government on supply of goods and services<\/p>\n<p><b>How GST will help in achieving Cooperative Federalism?<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The participation of all States and Centre in the framing of GST laws has led to the following features in the GST Laws. These features signify spirit of cooperative federalism.<\/li>\n<li>Harmonisation of GST law: Even though Centre and each state legislature have passed their own GST Acts, they all are based on the Model GST law co-drafted by the Centre and the States.<\/li>\n<li>Common Definitions: There are common definitions in the CGST and SGST Act.<\/li>\n<li>Though GST will be jointly administered by Centre and State, for ensuring ease of doing business, but the individual taxpayer will have a single interface with only one Tax Authority either Centre or State.<\/li>\n<li>Joint Implementation Committee: In order to ensure smooth rollout of GST, the GST Council has formed a three tier structure consisting of :<\/li>\n<li>GST Implementation Committee(GIS)<\/li>\n<li>Standing Committees<\/li>\n<li>Sectoral Groups have representation of Centre and State Officers in the spirit of cooperative federalism to ensure quick administrative decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>What are the objectives of GST?<\/b><\/p>\n<p>1- To eliminate the cascading effects of taxes: for example tax on tax, on production and distribution of goods and services across the country.<\/p>\n<p>2- One Nation, One Tax: Uniformity of tax rates across the India by subsuming all indirect taxes at the centre and state levels.<\/p>\n<p>3- To reduce tax evasion and corruption.<\/p>\n<p>4- Increasing tax to GDP ratio and revenue surplus.<\/p>\n<p>Q.3) Do you think that economic reforms have reduced gender discrimination? What has India done to reduce gender discrimination? Suggest measures to tackle the same. Discuss. (GS 3)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic reforms have not reduced gender discrimination<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Economic reforms and gender discrimination in India:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender discrimination has not declined in India even after the economic liberalization in early 1990s.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increased market competition forces firms to eliminate inefficient discriminatory practices, including gender discrimination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The room for hiring their own \u201ctypes\u201d is less when firms face intense competition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Market competition works in favour of women, as women are more competitive, and offer cheaper and more flexible labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Evidence suggests that India\u2019s economic liberalization has not reduced gender discrimination. It may have worsened in many respects<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The share of females in manufacturing employment has not increased much over last two decades.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Female activity is largely concentrated in the unorganized sector. The concentration of female entrepreneurs in low-wage industries has grown over time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite many competitive reforms that India has undertaken, this pattern of gender-based segmentation has been increasing over the years.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women entrepreneurs are more dominant in industries that pay lower average wages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Within the manufacturing sector, female ownership shares are highest and typically exceed 50% in industries related to chemicals and chemical products, tobacco products, and paper and paper products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among service industries, female ownership shares exceed 30% in industries related to sanitation and education. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inadequate infrastructure also affects women more than men, because women are often responsible for a larger share of, and often more time-consuming, household activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Steps taken to reduce gender discrimination:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, passed in 1992, instituted one-third seat reservations for women in local governance bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The political empowerment of women had huge beneficial effects.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The political reservation for women has gained India global recognition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, India\u2019s economic liberalization and increased market competition has not eliminated gender segmentation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s gender balance in entrepreneurship and jobs remains among the lowest in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Globalization and trade policy have made a limited contribution towards India\u2019s convergence in gender segmentation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Improved physical and human infrastructure and domestic pro-competitive reforms can reduce gender segmentation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender will play a bigger and more strategic role in India\u2019s future growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender growth can come in many ways: increased female labour force participation, improvements in productivity, elimination of gender discrimination in access to bank loans, and increased voice and political representation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, empowering half of the potential workforce has significant economic benefits beyond promoting gender equality.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Archives\u00a0 Q.1) What is Section 498A? The simplest way to harass is to get the husband and his relatives arrested under Section 498A. Discuss with a valid case law. GS 2 Defining 498A \u00a0\u00a0Section 498A, which was passed by the Parliament in 1983, states that &#8220;whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/answers-mains-marathon-upsc-mains-current-affairs-questions-september-27\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Answers: Mains Marathon \u2013 UPSC Mains Current Affairs Questions \u2013 September 27<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":2292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8977","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mains-marathon-answers","category-public","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/pen-paper-laptop.jpg?fit=1000%2C500&ssl=1","views":{"total":0,"cached_at":"","cached_date":1704641312},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8977","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8977"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8977\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8977"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}