{"id":93302,"date":"2021-03-08T19:40:41","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T14:10:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.forumias.com\/?p=93302"},"modified":"2021-03-26T17:26:47","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T11:56:47","slug":"chinas-plans-for-new-dams-on-brahmaputra-river-explained-pointwise","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/chinas-plans-for-new-dams-on-brahmaputra-river-explained-pointwise\/","title":{"rendered":"China&#8217;s plans for new dams on Brahmaputra River- Explained, Pointwise"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h5><b>Introduction<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Chinese government&#8217;s new five-year plan(2021-2025) is about to approve the construction of dams in the lower stretch of the Brahmaputra River (Yarlung Zangbo in China). It is a matter of serious concern for the lower riparian states namely India and Bangladesh. The move is expected to give China an edge in International diplomacy as it would gain substantial bargaining power post dam construction.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b>About the China&#8217;s plan for dams\u00a0<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China\u2019s draft five-year plan (2021-25) and long-range objectives till 2035 mention the building of <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/china-approves-dam-building-on-brahmaputra-river\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hydropower bases on the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra river<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lower reaches refer to the sections of the river in Tibet before it flows into India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dam proposal is among the priority energy projects undertaken by the Chinese government in the next five years. Other projects under the draft five-year plan include \u201cclean energy bases\u201d in the upper and lower reaches of the Jinsha River. (the upper course of the Yangtze River in western China).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It would be <\/span><b>the first time<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that the lower stretch will witness such development of dams, marking a radical change in river water exploitation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China had earlier built dams on upper stretches of the river including Zangmu Dam in 2015.<strong> Three more dams<\/strong> at Dagu, Jiacha and Jeixu are currently <strong>under construction<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Why is China developing dams on the Brahmaputra?<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The construction would help the country develop <\/span><b>clean energy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and curb the<\/span><b> rising pollution levels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This would improve citizens&#8217; health and augment water security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dam would also allow it to fulfill its<\/span><b> international climate commitments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under multilateral agreements like the <strong>Paris Agreement<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China\u2019s <\/span><b>location of the upper riparian state<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would allow it to control water flow towards the lower riparian states (India and Brahmaputra). This will give <\/span><b>greater bargaining power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to China in international relations.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further, the project in the lower stretch is part of the country&#8217;s significant planned investments in infrastructure for <\/span><b>serving national interests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>About Brahmaputra river<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is one of the longest rivers in the world that flows from Tibet to India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam) and further into Bangladesh. The river finally drains out in the Bay of Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The river flows for about 1,625 kilometres in Tibet, parallel to the main range of the Himalayas. After that, it enters India in Arunachal Pradesh where it is called <strong>Siang<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Siang flows down the Himalayas, enters the Assam valley. Here two other major tributaries, Dibang and Lohit will join the Siang river. The culmination of all finally becomes the Brahmaputra.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Importance of Brahmaputra to India<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The river Brahmaputra and its tributaries carry more than 30 percent of the total<\/span><b> water resource<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> potential of India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The residents of 22 districts in the Indian state of Assam rely on the Brahmaputra and its tributaries for their <\/span><b>livelihood<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The river system supports the subsistence agriculture of 66 million people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The river is also extremely important for the <\/span><b>transportation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of people and materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This region is home to <\/span><b>several species of flora and fauna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that are unique to this part of the world. For example, The Kaziranga National Park houses 15 mammalian species that are listed as threatened in the IUCN conservation list.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Rules or statutes governing Brahmaputra water sharing<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a lack of a cooperative framework for managing river systems in South Asia. There are <strong>no binding agreements between India and China on Brahmaputra<\/strong> water sharing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India and China signed a <\/span><b>Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2002 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for the sharing of hydrological data.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under this China agreed to share information about the discharge of water at three stations from June 1 to October 15 each year. This would improve planning and flood control in India during the monsoon region.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The two countries have <\/span><b>even signed an MoU in 2013 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">regarding the sharing of water flow data.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A unilateral stoppage in data sharing was seen from the Chinese side during the 2017 Doklam Standoff but data sharing resumed in 2018.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Impacts of China&#8217;s Dams on India<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China could use dams as a <\/span><b>water weapon <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>during the war and in peacetime.\u00a0<\/strong>By building dams China can disrupt the lower riparian states by following ways,<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First, China could alter the water level in lower riparian states by changing the storage\/ discharge capacity of the dam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second, China\u2019s large run-off from river dams can be easily converted into storage dams in the future. This can <\/span><b>deprive water to India in dry seasons or flood it with water during the monsoon. <\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) has also highlighted this vulnerability.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>ecological character<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the river in lower courses <\/span><b>gets deteriorated<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is proved by the Siang river (Brahmaputra&#8217;s name in Arunachal). After the reduction in water level, the river turned black with pollutants. This <\/span><b>impacted the drinking water availability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the locals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may also negatively impact the <\/span><b>food security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>livelihood of people<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> residing across the river. Experts have pointed out that dam construction could cause the <strong>river to lose its silt and lead to a reduction in agriculture productivity<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dam construction by upper riparian states <\/span><b>enhances the disaster\u2019s magnitude<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in lower riparian states. For instance, a US government-funded study showed that a series of new dams built by China on the Mekong River had worsened the drought\u00a0 conditions in downstream countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further Himalayan region is <\/span><b>highly sensitive to construction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Due to this, the <a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/link-between-dam-and-natural-disasters-explained-pointwise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">probability of disasters will get enhanced<\/a> <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">if big dams are created by China. This was proved by the recent Uttarakhand floods and the 2015 Nepal earthquake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It could open <\/span><b>a new front of conflict along the Arunachal Pradesh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> region as Brahmaputra enters India through this stretch. Managing this would be a complex task for India as it is already struggling to counter China along the eastern ladakh region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China may decide to stop the flow of the river as a means of retaliation to <\/span><b>make India submit to China&#8217;s demands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Challenges in bilateral Cooperation on dam construction<\/b><\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rising mistrust <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>between the countries: <\/strong>The mistrust reached a new peak especially after the <b><a href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/disengagement-agreement-at-pangong-tso-lake-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nine-month-long military stand-off<\/a> <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Further, China was reluctant to share the correct information with India under the 2002 MoU.<br \/>\nFurther, China in the past has rejected the claim of building Zangmu Dam on the Brahmaputra till 2010. But in 2010 China not only admitted the construction of the Zangmu Dam but also completed it in a much rapid phase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The growing closeness of Indo-U.S relations and <\/span><b>enhanced resentment of Sino- U.S relations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can act as a barrier in concluding a favorable water-sharing agreement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Emerging risks like <\/b>climate change<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>,<\/strong> extreme events, landslides, forest fires, and many other environmental threats pose new governance challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China tries to <\/span><b>encircle India using its neighbors.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It charges approximately $125,000 for the data it provides to India. On the other hand, it sends similar data to Bangladesh for free.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5><b>Suggestions for India<\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The construction of <\/span><b>a multi-purpose reservoir in Arunachal Pradesh <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to offset the impact of the Chinese Dam should be done promptly. The proposed 9.2 BCM &#8216;Upper Siang&#8217; project on the Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh will be able to take the excess load of water discharge. Further, it can even store water in case of any deficit.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As <\/span><b>water is a state subject<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the riparian states in India should be encouraged to use Brahmaputra&#8217;s water in a rational way to minimize future shortages. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The focus of <b>integrated river basin management <\/b>should be <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">based on<\/span><b> hydrological boundaries <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and not on administrative state boundaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India needs to <\/span><b>restrengthen its relationship with Bangladesh.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India needs to finalise the Teesta river agreement and restore its image as a responsible upper riparian. By doing that, Bangladesh may also cooperate with India against China.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The country should engage in bilateral talks and enter into a water-sharing agreement with China similar to the<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Indus Water Treaty <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">between India and Pakistan. The new China-India water-sharing agreement should include provisions like,<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The treaty should regulate the amount of water to be released, preserve the quality of the water and the aquatic life.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should have a mechanism for water-sharing during times of droughts and abnormal weather.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If necessary, the international community should also be involved.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We need a new <b>integrated river basin management<\/b>. This should address all the emerging challenges of water security and sustainability. Further, it should go beyond mere political cooperation of State government and involving the local people. Instead, it should focus on India&#8217;s water needs and its management.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The Chinese government&#8217;s new five-year plan(2021-2025) is about to approve the construction of dams in the lower stretch of the Brahmaputra River (Yarlung Zangbo in China). It is a matter of serious concern for the lower riparian states namely India and Bangladesh. The move is expected to give China an edge in International diplomacy&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/chinas-plans-for-new-dams-on-brahmaputra-river-explained-pointwise\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">China&#8217;s plans for new dams on Brahmaputra River- Explained, Pointwise<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[130,9],"tags":[1332,7998,1457],"class_list":["post-93302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-7-pm","category-public","tag-geog_5","tag-international_issues","tag-ir_02","entry"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","views":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=93302"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93302\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=93302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=93302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}