पारिस्थितिक तंत्र को बनाए रखने वाले कुछ महत्वपूर्ण कारकों की सूची लिखें। क्या जंगल की आग से लड़ने के लिए आग नीति गलत है? चर्चा करें।
Suggested Answer:
Ecosystem:-
- An ecosystem can be described simply as the collection of all living and non-living components in a particular area.
Factors that maintain ecosystem:-
Limiting factors :
- Light :Exposure to light can change climate & growth of plants
- Heat:Will determine the weather/climate of an ecosystem
- Mechanical Support:Any features which can either facilitate or inhibit a species survival
- Organic Matter:This will determine soil nutrition and therefore plant growth
- Nutrients:Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorous etc, are essential stability of an ecosystem
- Water/ Air:Water and Air quality will play a drastic role in the survivable of a species; streams, rainfall etc.
- Predation :Predators will limit the growth of the population as well as human pouching
- Competition:Competition within the species and with other species for food, water, will limit further growth
- Geographical Space :If the species can only survive within a given ecosystem, the size of that ecosystem will prevent further population increases
- Abiotic factors, such as temperature, soil and light, can also influence an organisms success in an area
With a variety of forests, the forest fires also are common in India.Every year, close to 20,000 forest fire incidents are reported in India. So the Indian government has come up with a no fire policy which has its benefits like:-
- Forest fires cause serious health hazards by producing smoke and noxious gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Carbon monoxide, methane, hydrocarbons, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide that lead to serious consequences for local climate.
- Further impacts: Loss of timber, bio-diversity, loss of wildlife habitat, global warming, soil erosion, loss of fuel wood and fodder, damage to water and other natural resources, loss of natural regeneration .
- Other losses due to these fires included loss of soil fertility, soil erosion, loss of employment, drying up of water resources, and loss of bio-diversity. Changes in microclimate of the region in the form of soil moisture balance and increased evaporation. The dense smoke from the fires affected visibility.All these can be tackled with the government’s policy
- Also the forest department has historically prevented fire in order to protect timber stocks, and initiated a system of fire-lines around valuable timber ‘compartments’ or coupes.
- The fire has been used as a management tool to increase the density of herbivores in tropical dry forests.The logic for this kind of burning is also related to the creation of fresh grass.
Concerns with the blanket implementation of no fire policy:
- Fire occurrence and light availability are important factors that maintain the ecosystem
- Many tree species distinct to dry forests have co-evolved with fires and have developed fire-resistance features like thick, spongy bark, and can re-sprout from rootstock in response to fire.
- Incompatible with the ecology of India’s tropical dry forests. Almost 70% of forests in India are composed of these types.
- For example, the fires in Bandipur Tiger Reserve were immensely difficult to control because of ample fuel supplied by the alien invasive species Lantana camara.
- Biligiri Rangaswamy Tiger Reserve indicates that a no-fire policy was likely responsible for the spread of Lantana in the first place.
- Frequent, low-intensity forest fires possibly prevented the proliferation of Lantana in the
- Findings from conventional scientific studies also support these insights from indigenous knowledge, and indicate that early dry season fires burn less hot, and are far less detrimental to vegetation than peak dry season fires which burn much hotter.
- Agriculturists set fire to hill forests so that the fertilising ash from fire washes down to their fields with the monsoon rains. For the forest dweller, therefore, fires have cultural and livelihood significance.
- Encourage the fresh growth of grass for their livestock, and sometimes as a part of ritual practice.Forest dwellers set fire to forests to clear walking paths.
- Fires that are limited to the surface may help in the natural regeneration of forests. The heating of the soil may result in helpful microbial activity, and hasten decaying processes that are useful for the vegetation.
Way forward:
- More modern systems of fire monitoring alongside traditional methods like maintaining fire lines, so there is a clearing between two forests to prevent the fire from spreading from one to the other.
- Environmentalists have underlined the need for greater interaction between villagers and the Forest Department.
- Instead of viewing forest fires as being purely destructive in nature, forest managers should perhaps expand their world view and be more inclusive to information from ecological and local knowledge systems that view fires as being both rejuvenating and revitalising.
“एक बुरी व्यवस्था हर बार एक अच्छे व्यक्ति को हरा देती है।” इस बयान का अर्थ समझाएँ और समाज पर इसके प्रभाव का विश्लेषण करें।
Suggested Answer:
Meaning of the statement :-
- The worker may “win” in the short-term with concerted effort, but eventually the worker will be worn down by poor process design. In general some government workers think that if they make a mistake they would be held responsible and multiple interrogations so their motto is to “don’t take any risks” Which this statement highlights.
- However the quote was not making an attempt to get people to give up trying because failure was certain. It was an attempt to get people to understand the importance of the system and the futility of trying to focus on blaming people for failures.
Despite the risk and the odds, government workers are successfully straightening the pipes. It takes courage each time a government employee applies process improvement. And with every small success courage grows. There have been instances where government employees achieve amazing success, from staggering reductions in successfully implementation of government policies like Swatch Bharat, achieving 100 % primary education in districts etc. This is one of the reasons why improving government processes is so rewarding.
A good person will defeat a bad system, eventually.History is full of examples where individuals and sometimes society as a whole have raised their voices against the bad system. May it be individuals like Rammohun Roy, Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar or may it be the French revolution by the society.
There are many instances that shows despite the bad system good people still emerge victorious as seen during the freedom struggle,during the Arab Spring people fought successfully against the system fighting for their rights
Implications:
- Loss of values:-
- People tend to understand that dishonesty,unethical way of living life is not wrong
- They often get demotivated by policies and rules imposed on them by the organization.
- Anarchy and confusion:
- People eventually loose trust in bad system and they become more rebellious
- Arab Spring
- Lack of proper justice: Corruption in judiciary system, leads to improper justice. And the victims of offense might suffer.
- Low quality of services
- Lack of respect for rulers: Rulers of the nation like president or prime ministers lose respect among the public.
- It will perpetuate the status quo in the system.
- It can also instill fear in the society and individuals who are against the system and make them silent
What is needed:
- Investment in people; encourage them to learn and apply process improvement skills, give them time to analyze and redesign the processes and, finally, allow them to execute change.
3.What are anticyclones? Why are called as weatherless phenomena? (GS 1)
एन्टीसाइक्लोन्स क्या हैं? उन्हें क्यों वेअथरलेस घटना कहा जाता है?
Suggested Answer:
Anticyclone:
- An anti-cyclone also known as a high pressurearea is a large atmospheric circulation system with the wind flowing clockwise around it in the Northern Hemisphere, and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
- Anticyclones form from air masses cooling more than their surroundings, which causes the air to contract slightly making the air more dense. Since dense air weighs more, the weight of the atmosphere overlying a location increases, causing increased surface air pressure.
- The strongest anticyclones occur over snow-covered portions of Asia and North America in the winter when clear, dry air masses cool from a loss of infrared radiation, while little sunlight is absorbed to offset that infrared cooling.
| Characteristics of summer anticyclones | Characteristics of winter anticyclones |
| Few or no clouds. Strong sunshine will make it hot | Cloudless skies |
| Light winds | Temperature drop, making the days cold and the nights even colder due to lack of cloud cover |
| Cooling of ground leading to morning mist | Fog and frost forming at night |
Weatherless phenomena:-
- Air at the center of an anticyclone is forced away from the high pressure that occurs there. That air is replaced in the center by a downward draft of air from higher altitudes. As this air moves downward, it is compressedand warmed. This warming reduces the humidity of the descending air, which results in few clouds and low humidity in the anticyclone.
- Consequently, high-pressure areas are often associated with settled, dry and bright conditions.
- Anticyclones often block the path of depressions, either slowing down the bad weather, or forcing it round the outside of the high pressure system. They are then called ‘Blocking Highs’.
- They are high pressure system and common in subtropical belts and practically absent in the equator region. They are generally associated with rainless fair weather and that’s why they are called as weather less phenomena.
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