CSAT, IAS 2015. UPSC 2015

CSAT DAILY MISSION #11

Read the passage and answer the items that follow. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.

Rotter believes that although personality can change at any time, it has a basic unity that preserves it from changing as a result of minor experiences. His empirical law of effect assumes that people choose a course of action that advances them toward an anticipated goal. Human behaviour is most accurately predicted by an understanding of four variables: behaviour potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and the psychological situation. Behaviour potential is the possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement. People’s expectancy in any given situation is their confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behaviour in a specific situation or situations. Expectancies can be either general or specific, and the overall likelihood of success is a function of both generalized and specific expectancies.
Reinforcement value is a person’s preference for any particular reinforcement over other reinforcements, if all are equally likely to occur. Internal reinforcement is the individual’s perception of an event, whereas external reinforcement refers to society’s evaluation of an event. Reinforcement sequences suggest that the value of an event is a function of one’s expectation that a particular reinforcement will lead to future reinforcements. The psychological situation is that part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding. Behaviour is a function of the interaction of people with their meaningful environment. Hypothetically, in any specific situation, behaviour can be predicted by the basic prediction formula, which states that the potential for a behaviour to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of people’s expectancy that the behaviour will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation.

Question 1

According to the passage, Rotter’s theory assumes that

(A) Most human motivation is unconscious.

(B) Motivation is goal directed.

(C) Natural selection determines behavior.

(D) People are primarily motivated to reduce tension.

Question 2

Which of these is/are NOT one of Rotter’s four variables of prediction?
1. Expectancy
2. Locus of control
3. The psychological situation
4. Reinforcement value

(A) 1 only

(B) 2 only

(C) 1 and 4 only

(D) 2 and 4 only

Question 3

According to the passage, behavior potential in any situation is a function of reinforcement value and

(A) Interpersonal trust.

(B) Need value.

(C) Expectancy.

(D) Internal locus of control.

Question 4

According to the passage, Rotter calls a person’s subjective perception of the value of an event

(A) The empirical law of effect

(B) Generalized expectancy

(C) External reinforcement

(D) Internal reinforcement

Question 5

According to Rotter, which of the following events have an effect on personality?
1. Major experiences
2. Minor experiences
3. Non-perceptive experiences

(A) 1 only

(B) 1 and 2 only

(C) 1 and 3 only

(D) 1, 2 and 3



SOLUTIONS TO DAILY CSAT MISSION # 12

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (A)

Explanations
1. Total number of boys now = 47. His rank = 21st.
So, his rank from bottom = 47 – 21 + 1 = 27.

2. Let its original speed be ‘x’ km/hr. So, time taken to cover 63 km at x km/hr = 63/x hours.
Its new speed will be ‘x + 6’ km/hr. Time taken to cover 72 km at this speed = 72/(x + 6) hrs.
It is given that total time taken is three hours, so 63/x + 72/(x + 6) = 3, which gives 3x*x – 117x – 378 = 0, from where x = 42 or x = -3.

3. The relative speed of the policeman is 2 km/hr over the thief (10 km/hr – 8 km/hr).
2 km/hr = 2000/60 m/min  = 100/3 m/min. Extra distance to be covered by the policeman = 100 m. So, time taken = 100/(100/3) = 3 mins.

4. There is the long process to solve this, taking the total distance to be ‘x’. But there is also a shorter process as shown here:
Let him take ‘t’ minutes to cover the last 40% of the distance. So, he takes (t + 10) minutes to cover the first 60% of the distance. So, (t + 10)/t = 3/2, which gives t = 20 minutes.
Now, the total time taken for the journey = t + (t + 10) = 50 mins = 5/6 hours. Therefore distance = speed*time = 48*(5/6) = 40 km.

5. Let each vessel be 100 L in capacity. The first vessel has 75 L milk and 25 L water, all of which is poured into the third vessel. The second vessel has 50 L milk and 50 L water, and only half of this mixture is poured into the third vessel. So, the third vessel will have (75 + 25) = 100 L of milk and (25 + 25) = 50 L of water. The ratio = 2:1.


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    S.KUMAR

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