{"id":3488,"date":"2026-08-11T22:11:11","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T16:41:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/constitutionalism-to-mass-satyagraha\/"},"modified":"2026-08-22T12:45:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T07:15:27","slug":"constitutionalism-to-mass-satyagraha","status":"publish","type":"psir_note","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/constitutionalism-to-mass-satyagraha\/","title":{"rendered":"Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n-wrap\">\n<div class=\"n-shell\">\n<div class=\"n-crumb\"><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/\">PSIR Notes<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/#i-b\">I-B Indian Government and Politics<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><span>Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha<\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"n-head\">\n<div class=\"n-eyebrow\">Paper I \u00b7 Indian Government and Politics<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"n-title\">Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha<\/h1>\n<div class=\"n-syl\"><b>Syllabus \u00b7 Paper I-B \u00b7 1<\/b> \u2014 Indian Nationalism : (a) Political Strategies of India\u2019s Freedom Struggle : <span class=\"cur\">Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha<\/span>, Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience; Militant and Revolutionary Movements, Peasant and Workers Movements. (b) Perspectives on Indian National Movement; Liberal, Socialist and Marxist; Radical Humanist and Dalit.<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"n-grid\">\n  <main class=\"n-body\"><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"nation-nationalism-the-nation-state\">Nation, Nationalism &amp; the Nation-State<\/h3>\n<p>A <span class=\"n-term\">nation<\/span> is a <span class=\"n-term\">historical<\/span>, not natural or eternal, unit. Older bonds were kinship, locality, clan, caste, tribe, religion; modern nations are large, anonymous communities whose members never meet yet imagine one collective.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Benedict Anderson<\/span> \u2192 nations are <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;imagined communities&#8221;<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Eric Hobsbawm<\/span> \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;invented traditions&#8221;<\/span>: modern nationalism creates \/ reshapes tradition for political ends.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Walker Connor<\/span> \u2192 the nation is <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;intangible, psychological&#8221;<\/span> \u2014 hence a shadowy, illusive idea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"three-definitions-to-carry-into-the-exam\">Three definitions to carry into the exam<\/h4>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Scholar<\/th>\n<th>Basis of the nation<\/th>\n<th>Limitation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Ernest Renan<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Rejects race \/ biology \/ geography. Nation rests on <span class=\"n-term\">will, memory, consciousness, shared historical experience<\/span> \u2014 a &#8220;daily plebiscite&#8221; in spirit.<\/td>\n<td>Too inclusive: many non-national groups share memory &amp; will.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Joseph Stalin<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Historically constituted, stable community<\/span> with common language, territory, economic life &amp; psychological make-up in a common culture.<\/td>\n<td>Too narrow: many real nations lack one or more of these.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Ernest Gellner<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Two bases \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">culture<\/span> (shared culture) or <span class=\"n-em\">will<\/span> (mutual recognition). Decisive claim: <span class=\"n-term\">nations are made by nationalism<\/span>, not the reverse.<\/td>\n<td>Industrial logic under-explains colonial nationalism.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Nations are not something eternal. They have begun; they will end. They will be replaced, in all probability, by a European confederation.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>Ernest Renan<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Gellner<\/span> \u2014 nationalism is <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;a political principle which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent.&#8221;<\/span> The nation should have its own representative state; political &amp; national boundaries should match; sovereignty is claimed in the name of the people.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"theories-of-nationalism\">Theories of Nationalism<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Spectrum: how old is the nation \u2014 ancient sentiment \u2192 modern construct.<\/span> NON-MODERNIST \u2194 EVOLUTIONIST \u2194 MODERNIST \u2194 CULTURAL. <em>A.D. Smith&#8217;s ethno-symbolism bridges the antiquity claim and the modernist claim.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Approach<\/th>\n<th>Scholar<\/th>\n<th>Core claim<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Non-modernist<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Naturalist<\/td>\n<td>Nationalism is a natural, inherent human sentiment. <em>Weakness:<\/em> why did it surge only in modern times?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Perennialist<\/td>\n<td>Nations endure across history; ancient tradition justifies present claims. <span class=\"n-term\">Hobsbawm<\/span> replies many such traditions are &#8220;invented&#8221;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Evolutionist \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">Anthony D. Smith<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Modern nations grow from pre-existing <span class=\"n-term\">ethnic ties<\/span>, myths, memories &amp; cultural continuity (ethno-symbolism). Not reducible to industrialisation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Modernist<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Elie Kedourie<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Nationalism is a <span class=\"n-term\">doctrine invented in early 19th-century Europe<\/span> \u2014 ideological, not structural.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Ernest Gellner<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Nationalism is a child of <span class=\"n-term\">industrial society<\/span>: it needs standardised language, mass education, mobile labour, common culture \u2014 supplied by the state. <em>Limit:<\/em> weak for non-industrial colonies.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Tom Nairn<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Nationalism tracks <span class=\"n-term\">uneven capitalist development<\/span> (core vs periphery). In colonies it is a response to imperial domination \u2014 explains Asia\/Africa better.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Cultural<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Herder<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Humboldt<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Nation = a <span class=\"n-term\">cultural-linguistic community<\/span>; language shapes thought; not a mere contract. <em>Limit:<\/em> can turn exclusionary \/ ethnic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;there is only one class in the state, the volk, and the King belongs to this class as well as the peasant.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>Johann Gottfried Herder<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Assessment.<\/span> No single theory fits all. In Europe \u2192 industrialisation &amp; state-building; in colonies \u2192 imperial domination &amp; uneven development; in India \u2192 anti-colonial struggle, civilisational memory, cultural reform, economic critique, the caste question and democratic politics together shaped nationalism.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"indian-nationalism-colonial-denial-the-nationalist-reply\">Indian Nationalism \u2014 Colonial Denial &amp; the Nationalist Reply<\/h3>\n<h4 id=\"colonial-denial-of-indian-nationhood\">Colonial denial of Indian nationhood<\/h4>\n<p>Argument: India is fragmented by caste, religion, region, tribe, language; British rule is needed to hold it together; the Congress is only a thin middle-class agitation. Voiced by <span class=\"n-sch\">James Mill<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Elphinstone<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Elliot<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Dowson<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">W.W. Hunter<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">H.H. Risley<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">V.A. Smith<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Valentine Chirol<\/span> \u2014 sharpest in:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;there is not and never was an India \u2026 no Indian nation, no &#8216;people of India&#8217;, of which we hear so much.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>John Strachey<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;India is not a political name, but only a geographical expression like Europe or Africa \u2026 the territories of many nations and many languages.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>Sir John Robert Seeley<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 id=\"the-nationalist-reply-two-registers\">The nationalist reply \u2014 two registers<\/h4>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>&#8220;Nation-in-the-making&#8221; (modernist)<\/th>\n<th>&#8220;Ancient unity&#8221; (cultural)<\/th>\n<th>Synthesis<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Surendranath Banerjea<\/span>: India a <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;nation-in-the-making&#8221;<\/span>, built by political education &amp; reform. <span class=\"n-sch\">R.C. Majumdar<\/span>: Congress later gave reality to unity. <span class=\"n-sch\">Tara Chand<\/span>: nationhood a recent product of economic \/ political change.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Radha Kumud Mookerji<\/span>: fundamental geographical &amp; cultural unity since early times. <span class=\"n-sch\">Har Bilas Sarda<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Lala Lajpat Rai<\/span>: ancient nationhood. <span class=\"n-sch\">K.P. Jayaswal<\/span> (<em>Hindu Polity<\/em>): ancient republics, parliaments, supremacy of law.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Tagore<\/span>: assimilative civilisation, unity by absorption. <span class=\"n-sch\">Subhas Chandra Bose<\/span>: &#8220;fundamental unity&#8221; amid diversity. <span class=\"n-sch\">Nehru<\/span>: <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;unity in diversity&#8221;<\/span>, held by invisible cultural threads.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;fundamentally India has been a nation for the last 2,000 years.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 id=\"distinctive-features-of-indian-nationalism\">Distinctive features of Indian nationalism<\/h4>\n<p>Territorial, not ethnic\/religious \u00b7 Plural \u2014 accepts diversity \u00b7 Anti-imperialist \u00b7 Civil &amp; non-coercive \u00b7 Novel, not eternal-nation claim \u00b7 Mass-based over time<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"two-nation-theory-partition\">Two-Nation Theory &amp; Partition<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Muhammad Ali Jinnah<\/span> did not invent separatism but converted it into a <span class=\"n-term\">political doctrine of self-determination<\/span> \u2014 Muslims as a nation, not a minority. India&#8217;s constitutional answer: <span class=\"n-term\">secular citizenship<\/span>.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies \u2026 they belong to two different civilisations.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>M.A. Jinnah, Lahore address<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Scholar<\/th>\n<th>Reading of Jinnah \/ Lahore (1940)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Stanley Wolpert<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Few alter history, fewer the map, hardly anyone creates a nation-state \u2014 Jinnah did all three.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Ayesha Jalal<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Lahore Resolution as a <span class=\"n-term\">bargaining counter<\/span> \u2014 acceptable to majority-province Muslims, unacceptable to Congress.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Venkat Dhulipala<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Pakistan imagined as a <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;New Medina&#8221;<\/span> \u2014 an Islamic state, not merely a refuge.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"rise-of-indian-nationalism\">Rise of Indian Nationalism<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Many tributaries \u2192 an organised national platform \u2192 mass politics.<\/span> 1857 &amp; popular revolts \u00b7 Post-1857 agrarian unrest \u00b7 Western education \u00b7 Vernacular press \u00b7 Political associations \u00b7 Repressive measures \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, 1885<\/span> \u2192 Mass movement.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"the-great-revolt-of-1857\">The Great Revolt of 1857<\/h4>\n<p>More than a military outbreak, less than modern nationalism \u2014 but a lasting <span class=\"n-term\">memory of resistance<\/span>. Participants: sepoys, dispossessed princes, landed aristocracy, artisans, peasants.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Scholar<\/th>\n<th>View of 1857<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">John Seeley<\/span><\/td>\n<td>A <span class=\"n-term\">sepoy mutiny<\/span>, without full popular \/ national character.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">K. Datta<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Mainly a military outbreak used by princes &amp; landlords.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">R.C. Majumdar<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Neither first, nor national, nor a war of independence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">C.A. Bayly<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Diverse motives; rebels had no modern idea of an Indian nation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">V.D. Savarkar<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The nationalist reading: <em>The Indian War of Independence, 1857<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">S.N. Sen<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Began as mutiny, ended as a war of independence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Thomas Metcalf<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;something more than a sepoy mutiny but something less than a national revolt.&#8221;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">S.B. Chaudhari<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&#8220;a real approach to the freedom movement of later age.&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2018 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Revolt of 1857 \u2014 &#8216;Sepoy Mutiny&#8217; or &#8216;First War of Independence&#8217;?<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/revolt-of-1857-is-a-sepoy-mutiny-or-first-war-of-independence-upsc-psir-2013-1503\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h4 id=\"post-1857-agrarian-unrest\">Post-1857 agrarian unrest<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Indigo Revolt, 1859\u201360<\/span> \u2014 resistance to forced indigo; <span class=\"n-sch\">Dinabandhu Mitra<\/span>&#8216;s <em>Neel Darpan<\/em> exposed it.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Pabna Agrarian League, 1873<\/span> \u2014 against zamindari oppression \u2192 <span class=\"n-law\">Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Deccan Riots, 1875<\/span> \u2014 attacks on moneylenders&#8217; bonds \u2192 <span class=\"n-law\">Deccan Agriculturists&#8217; Relief Act, 1879<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Educated sympathisers: <span class=\"n-sch\">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">R.C. Dutt<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Surendranath Banerjea<\/span> \u2014 rural grievance entered public debate.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"western-education-press-associations\">Western education, press &amp; associations<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Macaulay<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">Charles Wood<\/span> wanted a loyal clerical class; the new <span class=\"n-term\">intelligentsia<\/span> instead absorbed liberal ideas, then turned critical of racial exclusion &amp; the <span class=\"n-term\">economic drain<\/span>. Vernacular press \u2014 <em>Bengalee<\/em>, <em>Amrita Bazar Patrika<\/em>, <em>Kesari<\/em>, <em>Mahratta<\/em>, <em>The Hindu<\/em>, <em>Tribune<\/em> \u2014 built public opinion (<span class=\"n-term\">Rev. James Long<\/span> on its reach via kathaks).<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Early associations<\/th>\n<th>Maturing associations<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>British Indian Association, 1851; Bombay Association, 1852; Madras Native Association, 1852.<\/td>\n<td>Indian Association, 1876 (<span class=\"n-sch\">S. Banerjea<\/span>); Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 1870 (<span class=\"n-sch\">M.G. Ranade<\/span>); Bombay Presidency Association, 1885 (<span class=\"n-sch\">Pherozeshah Mehta<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Badruddin Tyabji<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">K.T. Telang<\/span>); Madras Mahajana Sabha, 1884.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"indian-national-congress-1885\">Indian National Congress, 1885<\/h4>\n<p>Dec 1885, Bombay \u00b7 72 delegates \u00b7 President <span class=\"n-term\">W.C. Bonnerjee<\/span> \u00b7 organised with <span class=\"n-sch\">A.O. Hume<\/span>. Aims: legislative reform, Indian participation, political unity, removal of racial \/ religious \/ provincial prejudice. Early limits: petitions, narrow base.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Historian<\/th>\n<th>On the early Congress<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Anil Seal<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Local interests &amp; elite competition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">C.A. Bayly<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Local politics mattered more than the all-India Congress.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">John R. McLane<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Leaders held a sincere nationalist vision.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Bipan Chandra<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The organised beginning of <span class=\"n-term\">anti-colonial ideology<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"intellectual-resistance-to-colonialism\">Intellectual Resistance to Colonialism<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Bhikhu Parekh<\/span> classifies Indian responses into four:<\/p>\n<p>Traditionalists \u2014 defend inherited tradition \u00b7 Modernists \u2014 adopt Western ideas\/tech \u00b7 Critical Traditionalists \u2014 indigenous core + select Western \u00b7 Critical Modernists \u2014 indigenous culture + European rationality<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Anthony Giddens<\/span> reads modernity as human transformation of the world + industrial \/ market economy + nation-state &amp; mass democracy.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Homi K. Bhabha<\/span> \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">colonial mimicry<\/span>: the colonised imitate, remaining &#8220;almost the same, but not quite&#8221;; slippage &amp; ambivalence let imitation become resistance.<\/li>\n<li>Indian instances: <span class=\"n-sch\">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar<\/span> (Western reason, orthodox life); <span class=\"n-sch\">M.G. Ranade<\/span> \u2014 foreign ideas grow only when grafted on indigenous roots.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"rationalism-universalism-incipient-nationalism\">Rationalism, universalism &amp; incipient nationalism<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Rammohan Roy<\/span> (monotheism, universal ethics) \u00b7 <span class=\"n-sch\">Akshay Kumar Dutt<\/span> (rationalism) \u00b7 <span class=\"n-sch\">Derozio<\/span> (questioning) \u00b7 <span class=\"n-sch\">Dayanand Saraswati<\/span> (Vedas through reason; an oppressive <em>indigenous<\/em> ruler preferable to a benevolent foreign one) \u00b7 <span class=\"n-sch\">Lokhitwadi<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"n-sch\">Keshub Chandra Sen<\/span> \u00b7 <span class=\"n-sch\">Swami Vivekananda<\/span> (<span class=\"n-term\">spiritual nationalism<\/span>, collective salvation).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Limits.<\/span> Confined to the educated middle class; caste hierarchy &amp; patriarchy persisted; the emotional pull of tradition capped reform; revivalist symbols sometimes excluded minorities.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"moderates-extremists-revolutionaries\">Moderates \u2192 Extremists \u2192 Revolutionaries<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The arc of strategy \u2014 petition \u2192 mass agitation \u2192 armed challenge \u2192 mass Satyagraha.<\/span> MODERATE 1885\u20131905 \u2192 EXTREMIST \/ SWADESHI 1905\u2013 \u2192 REVOLUTIONARY armed action \u2192 GANDHIAN mass phase \u2192 Independence, 1947.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"6-1-moderate-nationalism-constitutionalism-1885-1905\">6.1 Moderate nationalism &amp; constitutionalism (1885\u20131905)<\/h4>\n<p>Leaders: <span class=\"n-sch\">Dadabhai Naoroji<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Gopal Krishna Gokhale<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Surendranath Banerjea<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">M.G. Ranade<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Pherozeshah Mehta<\/span>. Method: <span class=\"n-term\">the 3 P&#8217;s<\/span> \u2014 petitions, prayers, memorials \u2014 plus speeches, resolutions, council work, appeals to British liberal opinion. <span class=\"n-sch\">Naoroji<\/span>: the British are justice-loving; demands must be shown reasonable. <span class=\"n-term\">Ranade<\/span>: British rule as historical preparation. <span class=\"n-term\">Gokhale<\/span>: conditions not yet ripe for direct action.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Defence<\/th>\n<th>Achievement<\/th>\n<th>Contemporary criticism<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Bipan Chandra<\/span>: Moderates laid the <span class=\"n-term\">constitutional foundation<\/span>; not mere submissiveness \u2014 they exposed colonial injustice. <span class=\"n-sch\">Shekhar Bandyopadhyay<\/span>: fused Western constitutionalism with indigenous democratic imagination.<\/td>\n<td>Built a <span class=\"n-term\">political language<\/span>; produced the <span class=\"n-term\">drain theory<\/span>; decolonised educated minds; prepared the militant &amp; Gandhian phases.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-lab\">Tilak<\/span>: constitutional method before an alien bureaucracy is &#8220;political suicide&#8221;. <span class=\"n-sch\">Sri Aurobindo<\/span>: it reflected &#8220;intellectual bankruptcy&#8221;. <span class=\"n-sch\">Nehru<\/span>: it cannot work where there is no constitutional government.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"6-2-extremist-militant-nationalism-swadeshi\">6.2 Extremist \/ militant nationalism &amp; Swadeshi<\/h4>\n<p>Triggers: failure of moderate methods, <span class=\"n-term\">Curzon<\/span>&#8216;s repression, economic distress, the <span class=\"n-term\">Partition of Bengal<\/span> (announced 19 Jul 1905, implemented 16 Oct 1905 \u2014 ostensibly efficiency, actually to split the bhadralok and divide Hindus &amp; Muslims). Leaders: <span class=\"n-sch\">Bal Gangadhar Tilak<\/span> (Maharashtra), <span class=\"n-term\">Bipin Chandra Pal<\/span> (Bengal), <span class=\"n-sch\">Lala Lajpat Rai<\/span> (Punjab), <span class=\"n-sch\">Sri Aurobindo<\/span>. Programme: <span class=\"n-term\">Swaraj, boycott, Swadeshi, national education, passive resistance<\/span>; Ganapati &amp; Shivaji festivals as mobilisation.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>Bal Gangadhar Tilak<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Sri Aurobindo<\/span> in <em>New Lamps for Old<\/em> dismissed moderate politics as <span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;political mendicancy&#8221;<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"swadeshi-sumit-sarkar-s-four-trends\">Swadeshi \u2014 Sumit Sarkar&#8217;s four trends<\/h4>\n<p>Moderate \u00b7 Constructive Swadeshi \u00b7 Political extremism \u00b7 Revolutionary nationalism<\/p>\n<p>Institutions: Bengal Chemicals; Bengal National College, 1906; <span class=\"n-sch\">Satish Chandra Mukherjee<\/span>&#8216;s Dawn Society; <span class=\"n-sch\">Tagore<\/span>&#8216;s Shantiniketan. Idiom: <span class=\"n-term\">Atma-Shakti<\/span> (Tagore, <em>Swadeshi Samaj<\/em>, 1904), Sakta imagery, Vivekananda&#8217;s &#8220;alternative manliness&#8221;. <span class=\"n-lab\">Limits:<\/span> weak Muslim &amp; lower-caste (Rajbanshi, Namasudra) participation; costlier Swadeshi goods; social coercion in boycott; the <span class=\"n-term\">Surat Split, 1907<\/span>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2017 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Differentiate Moderate from Extremist \/ Militant Nationalism \u2014 objectives &amp; means.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/differentiate-moderate-nationalism-from-extremist-militant-upsc-psir-2017-1502\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Dimension<\/th>\n<th>Moderates<\/th>\n<th>Extremists<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Goal<\/td>\n<td>Gradual reform, representation, later Home Rule.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Swaraj<\/span>, demanded more directly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>View of British<\/td>\n<td>Trusted British liberalism \/ goodwill.<\/td>\n<td>Rejected benevolence; rule shown as exploitative.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Means<\/td>\n<td>Petitions, prayers, memorials, constitutional agitation.<\/td>\n<td>Boycott, Swadeshi, national education, passive resistance, mass mobilisation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Signature<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Naoroji<\/span> \u2014 communicate reasonable demands.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-lab\">Tilak<\/span> \u2014 &#8220;Swaraj is my birthright\u2026&#8221;.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Contribution<\/td>\n<td>Drain theory, ideological critique.<\/td>\n<td>Emotional, cultural &amp; mass energy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Bipan Chandra<\/span>: both phases were necessary predecessors of Gandhi&#8217;s <span class=\"n-term\">struggle\u2013truce\u2013struggle<\/span> strategy.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"6-3-revolutionary-nationalism\">6.3 Revolutionary nationalism<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Influences.<\/span> Internal: <span class=\"n-sch\">Bankim Chandra<\/span>&#8216;s <em>Anandamath<\/em> \/ &#8220;Vande Mataram&#8221;, <span class=\"n-sch\">Vivekananda<\/span>&#8216;s Shakti, <span class=\"n-term\">Tilak<\/span>&#8216;s Gita, <span class=\"n-sch\">Aurobindo<\/span>. External: American, Irish &amp; Italian struggles, <span class=\"n-term\">Mazzini<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">Garibaldi<\/span>, Japan&#8217;s 1905 win, the 1917 Russian Revolution.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Region<\/th>\n<th>Bodies &amp; figures<\/th>\n<th>Early actions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Maharashtra<\/td>\n<td>Chapekar Brothers; <span class=\"n-sch\">V.D. Savarkar<\/span>; Mitra Mela, 1900; <span class=\"n-term\">Abhinav Bharat<\/span>, 1904 (Mazzini&#8217;s Young Italy).<\/td>\n<td>Assassinations; ideological groundwork.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bengal<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Anushilan Samiti<\/span>; <span class=\"n-term\">Jugantar<\/span>; <span class=\"n-term\">Pramathanath Mitra<\/span>; <span class=\"n-term\">Barindra Kumar Ghosh<\/span>; <span class=\"n-term\">Bhupendranath Datta<\/span>.<\/td>\n<td>Rangpur dacoity, 1906; Muzaffarpur attack (Khudiram Bose &amp; Prafulla Chaki); Manicktala \/ Alipore case \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">C.R. Das<\/span> defended <span class=\"n-sch\">Aurobindo<\/span>, acquitted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Tilak<\/span>: the bomb had changed Indian politics.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"ghadar-international-links\">Ghadar &amp; international links<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Ghadar Movement<\/span> (USA, 1913): <span class=\"n-term\">Lala Hardayal<\/span>&#8216;s paper <em>Ghadar<\/em>; aim \u2014 overthrow British rule, a Panchayat-Raj \/ republican state; <span class=\"n-term\">Barkatullah Khan<\/span> built Asian branches; <span class=\"n-term\">Raja Mahendra Pratap<\/span>&#8216;s Kabul provisional government. The <span class=\"n-term\">Komagata Maru<\/span> incident &amp; WWI sharpened revolutionary feeling.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"hra-hsra\">HRA \u2192 HSRA<\/h4>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Body<\/th>\n<th>Figures &amp; goal<\/th>\n<th>Landmark<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">HRA<\/span>, 1924<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Sachindranath Sanyal<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Ram Prasad Bismil<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Ashfaqulla Khan<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Chandrashekhar Azad<\/span>. Goal: <em>Federated Republic of the United States of India<\/em>; organise workers &amp; peasants.<\/td>\n<td>Manifesto <em>The Revolutionary<\/em>, 1 Jan 1925; <span class=\"n-term\">Kakori, 1925<\/span> \u2014 four hanged.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">HSRA<\/span>, 1928<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Bhagat Singh<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Sukhdev<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Shiv Verma<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Azad<\/span>. Ideology: <span class=\"n-term\">socialism, secularism, anti-communalism, classless society<\/span>; Naujawan Bharat Sabha (Lahore).<\/td>\n<td>Saunders, Dec 1928; Assembly bomb, 8 Apr 1929 (&#8220;make the deaf hear&#8221;, Inquilab Zindabad); Jatin Das&#8217;s 63-day fast; Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev hanged 23 Mar 1931.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Chaos is necessary to the birth of a new star.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>HRA manifesto, <em>The Revolutionary<\/em>, 1925<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 id=\"chittagong-women-revolutionaries\">Chittagong &amp; women revolutionaries<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Chittagong Armoury Raid<\/span>, 18 Apr 1930 \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">Surya Sen<\/span> (&#8220;Master Da&#8221;) seized armouries, declared a provisional government; hanged 12 Jan 1934. Women: <span class=\"n-term\">Pritilata Waddedar<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Kalpana Dutt<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Shanti Ghosh<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Suniti Chaudhury<\/span> \u2014 challenging gender roles, widening the movement&#8217;s moral appeal.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Assessment.<\/span> Shattered the myth of British invincibility, inspired youth, kept complete independence alive in passive phases, linked nationalism with <span class=\"n-term\">socialism &amp; secularism<\/span>, internationalised the struggle, produced <span class=\"n-term\">martyrdom as political memory<\/span>. Limits: secretive, urban middle-class, thin mass base; individual heroism could not replace mass movement.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;INA was to become a much more powerful enemy of the British empire in defeat than it had been during its \u2026 triumphal march on Delhi.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>Christopher Alan Bayly<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2020 \u00b7 15m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Trace the role of militant and revolutionary movements in the Indian national movement.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/trace-the-role-of-militant-and-revolutionary-movements-in-indian-upsc-psir-2020-1504\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"first-world-war-nationalist-politics\">First World War &amp; Nationalist Politics<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">War impact:<\/span> heavier taxation (super-tax, 1917), price rise, food exports, crop failures, falling real wages, strikes, forced recruitment. <span class=\"n-term\">Nationalist miscalculation<\/span>: many backed the war expecting self-government; the empire fought to preserve itself.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"home-rule-movement\">Home Rule Movement<\/h4>\n<p>Two leagues \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">Annie Besant<\/span>&#8216;s (Madras base, all-India reach; paper <em>New India<\/em>) &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">Tilak<\/span>&#8216;s (Marathi-speaking areas). Membership <span class=\"n-term\">~60,000 by 1917<\/span>; Besant&#8217;s internment provoked wide protest; she became Congress President, 1917. <span class=\"n-sch\">Peter Robb<\/span>: government was internally divided on handling it.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"lucknow-pact-1916\">Lucknow Pact, 1916<\/h4>\n<p>Congress\u2013League cooperation; Moderates &amp; Extremists reunited. Congress accepted <span class=\"n-term\">separate electorates<\/span>; Muslim representation protected. The <span class=\"n-term\">high point of Hindu\u2013Muslim cooperation<\/span> \u2014 but separate electorates later deepened communal logic.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"rowlatt-satyagraha-jallianwala-bagh\">Rowlatt Satyagraha &amp; Jallianwala Bagh<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\"><span class=\"n-law\">Rowlatt Act, 1919<\/span><\/span> \u2014 detention without trial; Gandhi&#8217;s Satyagraha Sabha called the nationwide <span class=\"n-term\">hartal of 6 Apr 1919<\/span>. <span class=\"n-term\">Jallianwala Bagh<\/span>, 13 Apr 1919 \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">General Dyer<\/span>&#8216;s firing; official figures 379 killed, 1,200 injured; <span class=\"n-sch\">Tagore<\/span> renounced his Knighthood. Effect: Gandhi emerges as all-India leader; nationalism turns mass-oriented.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"mahatma-gandhi-mass-nationalism\">Mahatma Gandhi &amp; Mass Nationalism<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">South Africa (1893\u20131914):<\/span> Pietermaritzburg humiliation \u2192 Natal Indian Congress, 1894; <em>Indian Opinion<\/em>, 1903; Phoenix Settlement; first <span class=\"n-term\">Satyagraha<\/span>, 1906 (Asiatic Registration Act). Influences: <span class=\"n-sch\">Tolstoy<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">Ruskin<\/span> (<em>Unto This Last<\/em>), <span class=\"n-sch\">Thoreau<\/span> (<em>Civil Disobedience<\/em>), <span class=\"n-sch\">Emerson<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Carlyle<\/span>, and Hindu\u2013Jain\u2013Buddhist\u2013Bhakti traditions.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The Gandhian chain: ethical means \u2192 political end.<\/span> SATYA \u2014 truth + AHIMSA \u2014 active non-violence \u2192 SATYAGRAHA \u2014 soul-force \u2192 SWARAJ \u2014 self-rule.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hind Swaraj<\/em>, 1909 \u2014 Editor\u2013Reader dialogue; critique of modern civilisation; moral regeneration &amp; non-cooperation. <span class=\"n-sch\">A.L. Basham<\/span>: concepts rooted in Indian tradition, Western ideas only sharpened them. <span class=\"n-sch\">Thomas Pantham<\/span>: <span class=\"n-term\">integral democracy<\/span> \u2014 freedom linked to ethical life. <span class=\"n-sch\">Anthony Parel<\/span>: Swaraj fuses national independence, freedom from poverty, individual liberty &amp; spiritual self-rule.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Swaraj \u2026 without Swadeshi is a lifeless corpse; Swadeshi is the soul of Swaraj.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>M.K. Gandhi<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 id=\"champaran-kheda-ahmedabad-1917-18\">Champaran \u00b7 Kheda \u00b7 Ahmedabad (1917\u201318)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Struggle<\/th>\n<th>Issue &amp; result<\/th>\n<th>Scholar note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Champaran<\/span>, 1917<\/td>\n<td>Tinkathia indigo system; <span class=\"n-sch\">Raj Kumar Shukla<\/span> invited Gandhi \u2192 <span class=\"n-law\">Champaran Agrarian Act, 1918<\/span>.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Jacques Pouchepadass<\/span>: peasants were active agents. <span class=\"n-sch\">Judith Brown<\/span>: Gandhi worked through local intermediaries.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Kheda<\/span>, 1918<\/td>\n<td>Drought \/ plague; demand for revenue remission (<span class=\"n-term\">Vallabhbhai Patel<\/span> joins).<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">David Hardiman<\/span>: no clear victor, but Gandhi gained a political base.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Ahmedabad<\/span>, 1918<\/td>\n<td>Mill strike; arbitration \u2192 35% rise; Gandhi&#8217;s first <span class=\"n-term\">hunger strike<\/span>.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Sumit Sarkar<\/span>: success rested on personal ties, not easily repeatable.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"the-three-mass-movements\">The three mass movements<\/h4>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Movement<\/th>\n<th>Form<\/th>\n<th>Verdict<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Non-Cooperation<\/span> 1920\u201322 (Nagpur)<\/td>\n<td>Surrender titles; boycott schools, courts, foreign goods; khadi; Hindu\u2013Muslim unity (Khilafat); anti-untouchability.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">A.R. Desai<\/span>: first mass basis. <span class=\"n-sch\">Anil Seal<\/span>: &#8220;in many respects a debacle&#8221;. Withdrawn after <span class=\"n-term\">Chauri Chaura, 1922<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Civil Disobedience<\/span> 1930<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Dandi March<\/span> (12 Mar\u20136 Apr 1930, 78 followers, 240 miles); salt as universal symbol; no-rent \/ no-revenue; Sholapur parallel government.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Bipan Chandra<\/span>: tactical retreat at Gandhi\u2013Irwin Pact, 5 Mar 1931. <span class=\"n-sch\">Judith Brown<\/span>: strategic move to preserve unity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Quit India<\/span> 1942<\/td>\n<td>AICC, 8 Aug 1942; leaders jailed at once; sabotage, strikes, parallel governments \u2014 least controlled phase.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Francis Hutchins<\/span>: unfinished revolution. <span class=\"n-sch\">Gyanendra Pandey<\/span>: appropriation of Gandhian symbols.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">CDM &amp; capital \u2014 the debate:<\/span> <span class=\"n-sch\">R.J. Moore<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">Sumit Sarkar<\/span> (business pressure), <span class=\"n-sch\">Claude Markovits<\/span> (uneasy alliance), <span class=\"n-sch\">Basudev Chatterjee<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">David Hardiman<\/span> (receptive, not a puppet), <span class=\"n-sch\">Anil Seal<\/span> (bourgeoisie not monolithic).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Quit India regional patterns:<\/span> Ballia &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">JP Narayan<\/span> \/ <span class=\"n-term\">Lohia<\/span> underground (Bihar); <span class=\"n-term\">Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">Matangini Hazra<\/span> (Bengal); <span class=\"n-term\">Satara Prati Sarkar<\/span> with a bahujan base (<span class=\"n-sch\">Gail Omvedt<\/span>). <span class=\"n-sch\">Madhushree Mukerjee<\/span>: war policy &amp; the Bengal famine deepened anger. Critics: <span class=\"n-sch\">Ambedkar<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">M.N. Roy<\/span>, Hindu Mahasabha, Muslim League, <span class=\"n-sch\">Rajagopalachari<\/span>.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;a post-dated cheque upon a falling bank&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>M.K. Gandhi, on the Cripps offer<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Here is a mantra \u2026 The mantra is: &#8216;Do or Die&#8217;.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>M.K. Gandhi, Quit India, 1942<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2017 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Gandhi&#8217;s success lay in transforming political <em>and<\/em> non-political movements into a unified nationalist movement.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/the-success-of-mahatma-gandhi-lay-in-transforming-both-political-upsc-psir-2017-1602\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"satyagraha-as-strategy\">Satyagraha as Strategy<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Satyagraha<\/span> = Satya (truth) + Agraha (firm insistence) \u2014 truth-force, soul-force, love-force. Not passive submission: <span class=\"n-term\">disciplined non-cooperation with injustice<\/span>, joined to self-suffering, moral courage &amp; openness to settlement. Gandhi read the colonial state as <span class=\"n-term\">semi-authoritarian<\/span> \u2014 resting on force <em>and<\/em> consent (titles, courts, councils, education, finance, opinion).<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>&#8220;Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience are but different branches of the same tree called Satyagraha \u2026 It excludes all violence or hate.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><cite>M.K. Gandhi, Young India, 1924<\/cite><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Struggle \u2013 Truce \u2013 Struggle: both phases expand the movement&#8217;s hold on the people.<\/span> STRUGGLE \u2014 war of manoeuvre \u2194 TRUCE \u2014 war of position \u2192 builds hegemony \/ consent \u2192 capture of state power.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Gramscian reading.<\/span> <span class=\"n-sch\">Antonio Gramsci<\/span> distinguished the <span class=\"n-term\">war of manoeuvre<\/span> (frontal assault) from the <span class=\"n-term\">war of position<\/span> (long fight for hegemony through institutions &amp; consent) \u2014 &#8220;no state ruled by naked force alone.&#8221; <span class=\"n-sch\">Bipan Chandra<\/span> reads the Congress strategy as exactly this: a counter-hegemonic, struggle\u2013truce\u2013struggle politics aimed at wresting state power. Gramsci himself wrote of Gandhi&#8217;s passive resistance as a war of position that &#8220;at certain moments becomes a war of movement.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Scholar<\/th>\n<th>Verdict on Gandhian strategy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Bhikhu Parekh<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">&#8220;a radical tool to overcome social antagonism.&#8221;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Bipan Chandra<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Gandhi had &#8220;deep insight into the psychology of the masses.&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Arnold Toynbee<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Made it impossible for Britain to rule \u2014 yet possible to leave &#8220;without rancour and without dishonour.&#8221;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">M.N. Roy<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">B.R. Ambedkar<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Critics: Gandhian method restrained more radical social transformation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2015 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Comment on Satyagraha as a Strategy.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2023 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Satyagraha and Indian Nationalism (150 words).<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/comment-on-the-satyagraha-and-indian-nationalism-in-150-words-upsc-psir-2023-1505\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-next\"><span><\/span><a class=\"r\" href=\"\/psir\/notes\/militant-and-revolutionary-movements\/\"><em>Next<\/em><b>Militant and Revolutionary Movements<\/b><\/a><\/div>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n<aside class=\"n-rail\">\n<h4>On this page<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"#nation-nationalism-the-nation-state\">Nation, Nationalism &amp; the Nation-State<\/a><a href=\"#theories-of-nationalism\">Theories of Nationalism<\/a><a href=\"#indian-nationalism-colonial-denial-the-nationalist-reply\">Indian Nationalism \u2014 Colonial Denial &amp; the Nationalist Reply<\/a><a href=\"#rise-of-indian-nationalism\">Rise of Indian Nationalism<\/a><a href=\"#intellectual-resistance-to-colonialism\">Intellectual Resistance to Colonialism<\/a><a href=\"#moderates-extremists-revolutionaries\">Moderates \u2192 Extremists \u2192 Revolutionaries<\/a><a href=\"#first-world-war-nationalist-politics\">First World War &amp; Nationalist Politics<\/a><a href=\"#mahatma-gandhi-mass-nationalism\">Mahatma Gandhi &amp; Mass Nationalism<\/a><a href=\"#satyagraha-as-strategy\">Satyagraha as Strategy<\/a><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a I-B Indian Government and Politics \u203a Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha Paper I \u00b7 Indian Government<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"fx_note_key":"I-B.1.1","fx_note_sec":"I-B","fx_note_point":"1","fx_note_desc":"Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a I-B Indian Government and Politics \u203a Constitutionalism to mass Satyagraha Paper I \u00b7 Indian Government","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3488","psir_note","type-psir_note","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_note"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5203,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3488\/revisions\/5203"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}