{"id":3542,"date":"2026-08-11T22:11:42","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T16:41:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/the-state-in-advanced-industrial-and-developing-societies\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T02:57:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T21:27:39","slug":"the-state-in-advanced-industrial-and-developing-societies","status":"publish","type":"psir_note","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/the-state-in-advanced-industrial-and-developing-societies\/","title":{"rendered":"The State in advanced industrial and developing societies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n-wrap\">\n<div class=\"n-shell\">\n<div class=\"n-crumb\"><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/\">PSIR Notes<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/#ii-a\">II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><span>The State in advanced industrial and developing societies<\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"n-head\">\n<div class=\"n-eyebrow\">Paper I \u00b7 Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"n-title\">The State in advanced industrial and developing societies<\/h1>\n<div class=\"n-syl\"><b>Syllabus \u00b7 Paper II-A \u00b7 2<\/b> \u2014 State in Comparative Perspective : Characteristics and changing nature of the State in capitalist and socialist economies, and advanced industrial and developing societies.<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"n-grid\">\n  <main class=\"n-body\"><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"the-advanced-capitalist-state-a-debate\">The advanced capitalist State \u2014 a debate<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Antonio Gramsci<\/span> \u2014 in advanced capitalism the State rules not only through <span class=\"n-term\">coercive apparatuses<\/span> (police, military) but through <span class=\"n-term\">civil institutions<\/span> (media, schools, churches) securing the <span class=\"n-term\">ideological hegemony<\/span> of the ruling class. Power rests on <span class=\"n-term\">consent<\/span>, not coercion alone \u2014 making revolution difficult without first challenging hegemonic control.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Robert Dahl<\/span> \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">democratic pluralist<\/span> view: many legitimate groups share in decision-making; the welfare state and prosperity have eased inequality, making class politics less central.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Ralph Miliband<\/span> (<em>The State in Capitalist Society<\/em>) \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">instrumentalism<\/span>: the capitalist state serves a small ruling elite that controls key economic institutions and uses the State to protect its dominance. Inequalities persist behind apparent classlessness; power flows from <span class=\"n-term\">ownership<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Louis Althusser<\/span> \u2014 control through <span class=\"n-term\">Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs)<\/span> (education, religion, media) that reproduce capitalism by securing compliance with the ruling ideology.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Nicos Poulantzas<\/span> \u2014 extended Althusser: the State secures <span class=\"n-term\">social cohesion<\/span> and <span class=\"n-term\">class equilibrium<\/span>, obscuring class divisions while retaining <span class=\"n-term\">relative autonomy<\/span> and protecting the long-term interests of the ruling class.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"the-failed-collapsed-and-rogue-state\">The failed, collapsed and rogue State<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Failed \/ collapsed state<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gained prominence after the <span class=\"n-term\">Cold War<\/span> and the <span class=\"n-term\">9\/11 attacks<\/span>; unable to assert authority over its territory or provide basic services; marked by internal chaos, corruption, violence and infrastructural collapse.<\/li>\n<li>Consequences: institutional breakdown, migration, poverty, ethnic conflict. Examples \u2014 Somalia (civil war), Sierra Leone (1990s).<\/li>\n<li>Characteristics: resources monopolised by elites (chronic shortages while elites prosper), <span class=\"n-term\">ethnic \/ sectarian conflict<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">decline in basic services<\/span> (falling life expectancy, rising infant mortality).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Rogue state<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A US-favoured term for states seen as threats to world peace through authoritarian regimes, human-rights abuses or weapons of mass destruction \u2014 e.g. Iraq under Saddam Hussein, North Korea, Libya. Fell out of favour after 2000, though US policy continues to isolate hostile states.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2013 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Comment: State-Centric Worldviews.<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Answer frame \u2014 state-centric worldviews<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">State-centrism<\/span>: the State as the primary sovereign unit of political life and international order; rooted in Westphalia (1648) \u2014 sovereignty, territoriality, legal equality, non-intervention.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Max Weber<\/span>\u2019s monopoly over the legitimate use of violence as the defining state-centric claim.<\/li>\n<li>Realist IR and <span class=\"n-sch\">John Austin<\/span>\u2019s command theory of sovereignty as state-centric positions.<\/li>\n<li>Challenge from globalization: <span class=\"n-sch\">Daniel Bell<\/span>\u2019s \u201ctoo small for the big problems, too big for the small\u201d; supranational bodies (EU, IMF, WTO), MNCs, international law eroding immunity.<\/li>\n<li>Internal challenges: ethnic resurgence, separatism, sub-national identities (<span class=\"n-sch\">Benedict Anderson<\/span>\u2019s \u201cimagined communities\u201d).<\/li>\n<li>Pluralist and Marxist critiques deny a unified autonomous will; <span class=\"n-sch\">David Held<\/span>\u2019s \u201csecular medievalism.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Assessment: the State is transformed, not transcended; sovereignty \u201cpooled, shared and divided,\u201d not abolished.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"the-state-in-developing-societies\">The State in developing societies<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Diverse histories, traditions and socio-economic contexts; <span class=\"n-term\">colonial legacies<\/span> shaped structures and functions; models built for advanced capitalist states often fail to explain them.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Post-independence expectations<\/span> \u2014 confidence in the State as the engine of transformation; nationalist movements used the <span class=\"n-term\">colonial statist apparatus<\/span>; the State filled gaps left by an underdeveloped civil society.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">Western liberal theories<\/span> (modernization, development) \u2014 emphasised state-led development but ignored local specificities; later criticised for <span class=\"n-term\">Eurocentrism<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Riggs\u2019s prismatic society<\/span> Societies in transition from a <span class=\"n-term\">fused<\/span> mode (little differentiation) to a <span class=\"n-term\">diffracted<\/span> condition (high specialisation). Features: <span class=\"n-term\">formalism<\/span> (theory\u2013practice gap), <span class=\"n-term\">heterogeneity<\/span> (tradition and modernity coexisting) and <span class=\"n-term\">functional overlaps<\/span> \u2014 reflected in poly-communalism, the <span class=\"n-term\">bazaar-canteen<\/span> economy with price indeterminacy, and poly-normativism in decision-making.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Gunnar Myrdal<\/span> \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">soft state<\/span>: limited capacity to impose social discipline and to enact and implement laws; reluctance to enforce laws against the rich, undermining inclusive growth. The neo-Marxist reading places the developing state within <span class=\"n-term\">dependency<\/span> and <span class=\"n-term\">class<\/span>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2018 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Describe the changing nature of the State in the developing societies in the context of inclusive growth in the 21st century.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/describe-the-changing-nature-of-the-state-in-the-developing-upsc-psir-2018-2802\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Answer frame \u2014 the changing developing state<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">F.W. Riggs<\/span>\u2019s prismatic society \u2014 bazaar-canteen economy (bargaining favours the rich) and the sala model of administration; family and community influence breeds inequality.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Hamza Alavi<\/span>\u2019s overdeveloped state and <span class=\"n-sch\">Gunnar Myrdal<\/span>\u2019s soft state \u2014 limited capacity to enforce discipline, hence non-inclusive growth.<\/li>\n<li>Shift from state-led development to market reforms; the mixed-market model (India); China \u2014 a socialist polity with a capitalist economy.<\/li>\n<li>Globalization aggravated inequality \u2014 the \u201c99% vs 1%\u201d effect and social unrest.<\/li>\n<li>21st-century turn to inclusion: participative culture; ICT-driven delivery \u2014 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana with the JAM trinity.<\/li>\n<li>Rights-based legislation (RTI); NGOs and voluntary bodies advance social inclusion; welfare and affirmative action drive structural transformation.<\/li>\n<li>The developmental-state debate: the capacity to penetrate society and extract resources as the key to inclusive development (East Asia).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"dependency-theory-and-the-dependent-state\">Dependency theory and the dependent State<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Foundational thinkers<\/span>: <span class=\"n-sch\">Andre Gunder Frank<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Ruy Mauro Marini<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Samir Amin<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Walter Rodney<\/span>; the structuralist antecedent is <span class=\"n-sch\">Raul Prebisch<\/span> (1950s).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">International capitalism and unequal exchange<\/span> \u2014 <span class=\"n-em\">core<\/span> (developed) countries exploit the <span class=\"n-term\">periphery<\/span> (developing) through unequal relationships; wealth is transferred from periphery to core via unfair trade terms and profit repatriation (<span class=\"n-term\">extraction of surplus<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">The dependent state<\/span> \u2014 complementary to world capitalism; <span class=\"n-term\">strong yet dependent<\/span>: it appears strong domestically but relies on foreign capital and is subordinate to external interests.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Authoritarian character<\/span> \u2014 a weak local bourgeoisie pushes the State to expand its economic role; a <span class=\"n-term\">state bourgeoisie<\/span> emerges, tied to control over resources rather than ownership. <span class=\"n-sch\">Guillermo O\u2019Donnell<\/span> \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">bureaucratic-authoritarian state<\/span>: military, technocrats and foreign capital collaborate; <span class=\"n-term\">depoliticisation<\/span> suppresses civil society to enable capital accumulation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Dependency \u2014 surplus flows from periphery to core.<\/span> Periphery (developing world; primary producers) \u2192 Unequal exchange (unfair trade terms; profit repatriation) \u2192 Core (developed world; surplus accumulates). <em>The dependent state: \u201cstrong yet dependent\u201d \u2014 subordinate to external capital.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Criticisms of dependency theory<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Overemphasis on <span class=\"n-term\">external<\/span> factors, neglecting internal class dynamics and agency; the rise of an <span class=\"n-term\">indigenous bourgeoisie<\/span> challenges complete dependence.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Varied development paths<\/span> \u2014 East Asian success shows development is possible within global capitalism; a macro frame overlooks specific <span class=\"n-term\">class relations<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"the-overdeveloped-post-colonial-state\">The overdeveloped \/ post-colonial State<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Hamza Alavi<\/span> \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">overdeveloped state<\/span>: many post-colonial states inherited an excessively powerful <span class=\"n-term\">bureaucratic-military apparatus<\/span> from colonial rulers. Built to serve colonial interests, it became dominant in states such as Pakistan and Bangladesh, out of step with popular needs.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Structural mismatch<\/span> \u2014 a fully developed state machinery sits atop a socio-economic structure still in transition from primitive to modern; the mismatch stems from the <span class=\"n-term\">colonial legacy<\/span> \u2014 unlike the West, where the capitalist state grew with an indigenous bourgeoisie, the post-colonial state is an <span class=\"n-term\">imported institution<\/span> imposed on a pre-modern society.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">State and class<\/span> \u2014 multiple dominant classes (indigenous bourgeoisie, landed classes, metropolitan interests) influence the State, which mediates among them while retaining <span class=\"n-term\">relative autonomy<\/span>; a <span class=\"n-term\">military-bureaucratic oligarchy<\/span> holds significant power.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Issa Shivji<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">John Saul<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Colin Leys<\/span> \u2014 in some contexts (notably African societies) the <span class=\"n-term\">state bureaucracy itself becomes a dominant class<\/span>, aligning with transnational capital or local elites as its interests dictate.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Nicos Poulantzas<\/span> \u2014 bureaucracy is a <span class=\"n-term\">social category<\/span>, not necessarily a class, though it may take class-like features where its power and interests are strong.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Colin Leys<\/span> (critique of Alavi) \u2014 Alavi over-focuses on bureaucracy and the military and neglects <span class=\"n-term\">ideology<\/span>, class relations and international capital.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Neera Chandhoke<\/span> \u2014 cautions against universal models; insists on the <span class=\"n-term\">specificity<\/span> of colonial histories and anti-colonial struggles, since universal theories miss the diversity of developing societies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2021 \u00b7 20m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">\u201cThe post-colonial state was thought of an entity that stood outside and above society as an autonomous agency.\u201d Explain.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/the-post-colonial-state-was-thought-of-an-entity-that-stood-upsc-psir-2021-2803\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Answer frame \u2014 the post-colonial state as autonomous agency<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The modern state as an <span class=\"n-term\">imported concept<\/span>; liberal and Marxist schools gauge its claimed autonomy.<\/li>\n<li>Liberal lens \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">F.W. Riggs<\/span>\u2019s prismatic society (formalism, heterogeneity, functional overlap; bazaar-canteen economy) and <span class=\"n-sch\">Gunnar Myrdal<\/span>\u2019s soft state.<\/li>\n<li>Marxist lens (i) \u2014 instrumentalist \/ dependency: <span class=\"n-sch\">Andre Gunder Frank<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Samir Amin<\/span>; contact with Western capitalism created, not solved, underdevelopment.<\/li>\n<li>Marxist lens (ii) \u2014 structuralist \/ overdeveloped-state thesis: <span class=\"n-sch\">Hamza Alavi<\/span>\u2019s structural mismatch between developed state machinery and a transitional base, owing to colonial legacy.<\/li>\n<li>The State mediates among competing dominant classes (indigenous bourgeoisie, landed classes, metropolitan capital) \u2014 hence relative autonomy and the appearance of standing \u201cabove\u201d society.<\/li>\n<li>Limits of autonomy \u2014 neo-colonialism and <span class=\"n-sch\">Immanuel Wallerstein<\/span>\u2019s world-systems theory; complete autonomy denied by external dependence.<\/li>\n<li>Prescription \u2014 autonomous, self-reliant development; India an exception that sustained democracy with development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"developed-and-developing-states-a-comparison\">Developed and developing States \u2014 a comparison<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Axis<\/th>\n<th>Developed-country states<\/th>\n<th>Developing-country states<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Institutional development<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Distinct institutions separate from rulers and ruled; checks and balances; organic growth from agrarian to industrial.<\/td>\n<td>Borders and institutions imposed externally; <span class=\"n-term\">extractive institutions<\/span> to control resources and labour; authoritarian features inherited from colonial rule.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Sovereignty and capacity<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Formal monopoly over legal coercion; significant, effective bureaucracies.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Weak infrastructural capacity<\/span> despite strong coercive power; strong regional and local pressures after independence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Bureaucracy and governance<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Effective bureaucracies; wider democratic participation.<\/td>\n<td>Entrenched <span class=\"n-term\">patron-client<\/span> ties; <span class=\"n-term\">neo-patrimonial<\/span> states where personal relationships override formal rules.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Economic strategy<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Growth tied to state success; state-supported industrial transition; responsive to civic rights via tax and welfare.<\/td>\n<td>Inherited institutional weakness and external pressure; participation limited by authoritarian legacies and clientelism.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2023 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">What are the difficulties faced by a political theorist in comparing the States?<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-difficulties-faced-by-a-political-theorist-in-upsc-psir-2023-2804\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Answer frame \u2014 difficulties in comparing states<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wide variation in systems \u2014 democracies to authoritarian regimes (<span class=\"n-sch\">Arend Lijphart<\/span>, <em>Patterns of Democracy<\/em>) \u2014 makes a universal criterion elusive.<\/li>\n<li>Each State\u2019s unique cultural, historical and social context shapes its system and outcomes.<\/li>\n<li>Disparities in development (United States vs India) complicate like-for-like comparison of resources, infrastructure and needs.<\/li>\n<li>Methodological hazards \u2014 bias, oversimplification and the choice of indicators (GDP, human-rights records) drive outcomes.<\/li>\n<li>Dynamism \u2014 political conditions shift with elections, policy and international events (post-COVID realignments, the EU after Brexit), so analyses date quickly.<\/li>\n<li>Subjectivity \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">Francis Fukuyama<\/span>\u2019s \u201cEnd of History\u201d vs <span class=\"n-sch\">Samuel P. Huntington<\/span>\u2019s \u201cClash of Civilizations.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Endogeneity and causality \u2014 disentangling variables is hard; data reliability varies and cultural bias toward Western models persists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2024 \u00b7 15m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">What are the distinctive features of the post-modern state in the advanced capitalist economies? Analyse.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-distinctive-features-of-the-post-modern-state-in-the-upsc-psir-2024-2805\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Answer frame \u2014 the post-modern state<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A shift from the centralised modern state to a decentralised, flexible, fragmented order \u2014 driven by globalization, technology and cultural pluralism.<\/li>\n<li>Erosion of national sovereignty \u2014 states embedded in EU, WTO and MNC networks; <span class=\"n-sch\">David Held<\/span>\u2019s cosmopolitan democracy and multilevel governance.<\/li>\n<li>Decentralisation and governance networks \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">Bob Jessop<\/span>\u2019s \u201chollowed-out\u201d state; outsourcing to private firms, NGOs and local government; privatisation, deregulation, public-private partnerships.<\/li>\n<li>Cultural pluralism and identity politics \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">Michel Foucault<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Judith Butler<\/span> on multiple identities; <span class=\"n-sch\">Nancy Fraser<\/span>\u2019s balance of \u201credistribution\u201d and \u201crecognition.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Technology and surveillance \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">Gilles Deleuze<\/span>\u2019s \u201csociety of control\u201d; digital surveillance and data as new modes of power.<\/li>\n<li>Flexibility and crisis management \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">Zygmunt Bauman<\/span>\u2019s \u201cliquid modernity\u201d; short-term crisis management replacing long-term planning.<\/li>\n<li>Net assessment \u2014 the post-modern state is less a central authority, more a mediator among actors and forces of globalization, identity and technology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"globalization-and-the-state\">Globalization and the State<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Globalization<\/span> The <span class=\"n-term\">widening, deepening and speeding up<\/span> of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of social and political life. <span class=\"n-sch\">Anthony Giddens<\/span>: a \u201cdecoupling of space and time,\u201d instantaneous communication letting knowledge and culture be shared simultaneously. <span class=\"n-sch\">Hugo Grotius<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Immanuel Kant<\/span>: states exist within a \u201csociety of states\u201d governed by international law, premised on cooperation and coexistence.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Four historical phases of globalization.<\/span> 1 \u00b7 16th c. (circumnavigation (1519\u20131521); European capitalism expands) \u2192 2 \u00b7 late 19th c. (post-Industrial Revolution trade and colonisation; ends with WWI and the Depression) \u2192 3 \u00b7 post-WWII (MNCs internationalise production; Bretton Woods; decolonisation) \u2192 4 \u00b7 late 20th c. (Berlin Wall falls; USSR collapses; globalization a global reality)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Approaches to globalization<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Thesis<\/th>\n<th>Core claim<\/th>\n<th>Champions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Hyperglobalist<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Globalization is central and irreversible; nation-states become \u201cunnatural, even impossible business units\u201d; governments reduced to \u201ctransmission belts\u201d for global capital; states become \u201cborderless entities.\u201d<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Kenichi Ohmae, Robert Reich<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Sceptical<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Globalization is a myth; today\u2019s processes are heightened <span class=\"n-term\">internationalisation<\/span>, not globalization; the economy is <span class=\"n-term\">regionalising<\/span> (Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific); the \u201cdeath of the nation-state\u201d is exaggerated.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Paul Hirst<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">Grahame Thompson, Alan Rugman, Robert Wade<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Transformationalist<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Globalization transforms societies through a \u201cmassive shake-out\u201d; sovereignty, power and territoriality enter a more complex relationship; direction uncertain. <span class=\"n-term\">Complex interdependence<\/span> and a rising \u201cglobal consciousness.\u201d<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">David Held, Peter Dicken, Roland Robertson, Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">New institutionalist<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Domestic institutions mediate global pressures, softening or neutralising them and even strengthening the State through institutional innovation.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Peter Hall<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">David Soskice, Geoffrey Garrett, Linda Weiss<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Ideational<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Globalization is also a set of <span class=\"n-term\">ideas<\/span>; states adopt neoliberal policies from their interpretation of globalization \u2014 discourse shapes policy.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Colin Hay, David Marsh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Critical (dependency)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Globalization as a new imperialism; the Debt Crisis and <span class=\"n-term\">Structural Adjustment Programmes<\/span> with IMF conditionalities dismantled welfarism and deepened inequality; it validates dependency.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Andre Gunder Frank, Raymond Vernon, Robert Cox, Paul Kennedy<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Challenges to sovereignty (David Held)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">From the new world economy<\/span> \u2014 MNCs plan globally; financial mobility lets capital cross borders freely; technology erodes national market boundaries; Keynesian welfare policies and protective tariffs are harder to sustain; regionalisation helps some (US, EU).<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">From international organisations<\/span> \u2014 proliferation of inter-governmental and non-governmental bodies; the World Bank, IMF, UNESCO and UN gain power to intervene; the EU enacts and implements policy as members cede sovereignty; sovereignty ceases to be indivisible.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">From international law<\/span> \u2014 new rights and duties; erosion of state immunity (individuals and agencies tried in international courts); the <span class=\"n-term\">European Convention on Human Rights<\/span> lets individuals proceed against their governments; a shift from law between states to <span class=\"n-term\">cosmopolitan law above states<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Transformation of sovereignty<\/span> \u2014 from the absolute Westphalian model toward sovereignty adapted to interdependence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Impact on internal functioning<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Democratic decision-making<\/span> \u2014 eroding autonomy; the congruence between rulers and ruled is disrupted; SAPs constrain decisions; the relevant \u201ccommunity\u201d for governance becomes ambiguous (local, regional, national, international); liberal-democratic theory needs re-evaluation.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Ethnic resurgence<\/span> \u2014 globalization challenges the homogeneous nation-state and triggers identity assertion. Primordial ties give way to identities that are \u201cinvented\u201d or \u201cimagined\u201d (<span class=\"n-sch\">Benedict Anderson<\/span>). Types: secession (former USSR), aspirations for statehood (Yugoslavia), marginalised groups seeking attention (Dalits in India).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The future of the nation-state<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">From government to governance<\/span> \u2014 multiple levels of governance operate beyond the nation-state; the European Union exemplifies regionalisation within globalization.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Transformation of community<\/span> \u2014 the community of citizenship (civil, political, social rights tied to the State) and the community of sentiment (cultural-historical identity) blur; universal human rights and <span class=\"n-term\">post-national membership<\/span> transcend national citizenship.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Transformation of sovereignty<\/span> \u2014 possible <span class=\"n-term\">hybrid sovereignty<\/span>, autonomy shared with global institutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"assessment-sovereignty-transformed-not-abolished\">Assessment \u2014 sovereignty transformed, not abolished<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Most scholars, including <span class=\"n-sch\">David Held<\/span>, agree states have not lost sovereignty entirely, but the absolute sovereignty of <span class=\"n-sch\">John Austin<\/span> cannot hold under globalization; a new theory of the democratic state within the international order is needed.<\/li>\n<li>We move toward <span class=\"n-term\">overlapping authority<\/span> and multiple loyalties \u2014 sovereignty no longer one and indivisible \u2014 a neo-medieval order without a supreme ruler: what <span class=\"n-sch\">David Held<\/span> calls <span class=\"n-term\">secular medievalism<\/span>, requiring new international organisations to secure law and order.<\/li>\n<li>Challenges of representation and accountability follow: citizens may lose control as international forces gain influence. The ideal is sovereign states coexisting with new <span class=\"n-term\">plural authority systems<\/span>, with democracy needed both within and between states.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Daniel Bell<\/span> \u2014 the modern state is becoming a \u201crelic of the past,\u201d too constrained to act autonomously, especially in economic affairs; civil associations, as <span class=\"n-sch\">Alexis de Tocqueville<\/span> stressed, remain essential as a buffer against state overreach.<\/li>\n<li>The nation-state remains significant, but its functions and authority have shifted; its future may lie in <span class=\"n-term\">hybrid sovereignty<\/span> shared between national governments and global institutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-next\"><a href=\"\/psir\/notes\/the-state-in-capitalist-and-socialist-economies\/\"><em>Previous<\/em><b>The State in capitalist and socialist economies<\/b><\/a><span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n<aside class=\"n-rail\">\n<h4>On this page<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"#the-advanced-capitalist-state-a-debate\">The advanced capitalist State \u2014 a debate<\/a><a href=\"#the-failed-collapsed-and-rogue-state\">The failed, collapsed and rogue State<\/a><a href=\"#the-state-in-developing-societies\">The State in developing societies<\/a><a href=\"#dependency-theory-and-the-dependent-state\">Dependency theory and the dependent State<\/a><a href=\"#the-overdeveloped-post-colonial-state\">The overdeveloped \/ post-colonial State<\/a><a href=\"#developed-and-developing-states-a-comparison\">Developed and developing States \u2014 a comparison<\/a><a href=\"#globalization-and-the-state\">Globalization and the State<\/a><a href=\"#assessment-sovereignty-transformed-not-abolished\">Assessment \u2014 sovereignty transformed, not abolished<\/a><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The State in advanced industrial and developing societies for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics \u203a The State in ad<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"fx_note_key":"II-A.2.2","fx_note_sec":"II-A","fx_note_point":"2","fx_note_desc":"The State in advanced industrial and developing societies for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics \u203a The State in ad","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3542","psir_note","type-psir_note","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_note"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3825,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3542\/revisions\/3825"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}