{"id":3546,"date":"2026-08-11T22:11:43","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T16:41:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/globalisation-responses-from-developed-and-developing-societies\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T02:57:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T21:27:37","slug":"globalisation-responses-from-developed-and-developing-societies","status":"publish","type":"psir_note","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/globalisation-responses-from-developed-and-developing-societies\/","title":{"rendered":"Globalisation: responses from developed and developing societies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n-wrap\">\n<div class=\"n-shell\">\n<div class=\"n-crumb\"><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/\">PSIR Notes<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/#ii-a\">II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><span>Globalisation: responses from developed and developing societies<\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"n-head\">\n<div class=\"n-eyebrow\">Paper I \u00b7 Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"n-title\">Globalisation: responses from developed and developing societies<\/h1>\n<div class=\"n-syl\"><b>Syllabus \u00b7 Paper II-A \u00b7 4<\/b> \u2014 <span class=\"cur\">Globalisation<\/span> : Responses from developed and developing societies.<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"n-grid\">\n  <main class=\"n-body\"><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"what-globalisation-means\">What \u201cGlobalisation\u201d Means<\/h3>\n<p>The worldwide spread of people, goods and ideas \u2014 deepening interaction and integration among cultures, governments and economies. Its agents \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">MNCs<\/span>, <span class=\"n-term\">NGOs<\/span> and civil-society networks \u2014 press on the Westphalian state.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Working definition<\/span> Not one process but a complex of processes \u2014 overlapping, interlocking, at times contradictory \u2014 whose common theme is <span class=\"n-term\">interdependence<\/span>: like waves of the ocean interacting and shaping one another.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Anthony Giddens<\/span> \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">intensification of worldwide social relations<\/span>, linking distant localities so that local events are shaped by happenings many miles away, and vice versa; the <span class=\"n-term\">compression of time and space<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Robert Keohane<\/span> \u2014 rising transnational flows and a thick network of <span class=\"n-term\">interdependence<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Steve Smith<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">John Baylis<\/span> \u2014 social relations becoming borderless, lived on a global scale. <span class=\"n-term\">Martin Albrow<\/span> \u2014 the incorporation of humanity into a single global society.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Marshall McLuhan<\/span> \u2014 the integration of the world into a cohesive <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cglobal village.\u201d<\/span> <span class=\"n-sch\">William R. Thompson<\/span> \u2014 political globalisation as the expansion of a global political system managing inter-regional transactions.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">WHO<\/span> \u2014 interconnectedness, with borders opening to flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas. <span class=\"n-term\">IMF<\/span> \u2014 four aspects: trade, capital movement, migration, and the spread of knowledge.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Martin Khor<\/span> (critical view) \u2014 globalisation equals historical colonisation: <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cneo-colonisation.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2021 \u00b7 15m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">What is globalisation? Why is there an intense debate about globalisation and its consequences?<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-is-globalisation-why-is-there-an-intense-debate-about-upsc-psir-2021-3006\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"evolution-the-three-phases\">Evolution \u2014 the Three Phases<\/h3>\n<p>Scholars differ on its genesis \u2014 some trace it to early civilisation, some to European imperial expansion, some to 19th\u201320th-century advances in transport and communication.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Three phases of globalisation:<\/span> <span class=\"n-term\">1 \u00b7 First phase<\/span> (Industrial Revolution to WWI \u2014 trade and investment expand; broken by war and the Depression) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">2 \u00b7 Second phase<\/span> (Post-WWII to Cold War\u2019s end \u2014 MNCs rise, Bretton Woods, decolonisation) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">3 \u00b7 Third phase<\/span> (Post-Cold War \u2014 USSR falls, capitalism wins, the WTO seals the liberal order)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Rosa Luxemburg<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Samir Amin<\/span> reject a neat phase-based reading: globalisation is <span class=\"n-term\">capitalism in a new guise<\/span> \u2014 a modern colonisation perpetuating exploitation, echoing <span class=\"n-sch\">Marx<\/span> on British colonialism in India and calling for revolutionary action.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2015 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Is globalization essentially a process of \u2018universalisation\u2019 of capitalist modernity?<\/span><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"three-dimensions\">Three Dimensions<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Dimension<\/th>\n<th>What it carries<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Economic<\/td>\n<td>Integration of national economies; trade and finance flows via global currencies; MNCs accelerating global production; developing states enter through liberalisation and privatisation (India\u2019s LPG reforms, shaped by the World Bank and IMF).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Political<\/td>\n<td>Promotion of liberal values \u2014 democracy, human rights; after the Soviet collapse democracy wins wide acceptance; an <span class=\"n-term\">erosion of state sovereignty<\/span> despite Westphalian principle; the nation-state declines as new actors rise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Socio-cultural<\/td>\n<td>A common global language (English); the spread of Western norms \u2014 jeans, rock music, Hollywood \u2014 producing homogenisation and a shared global consciousness.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"theoretical-perspectives-the-three-schools\">Theoretical Perspectives \u2014 the Three Schools<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Jonathan Perraton<\/span> (1999) named three schools; <span class=\"n-sch\">David Held<\/span> and <span class=\"n-term\">Anthony McGrew<\/span> developed the frame in <em>Global Transformations<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>School<\/th>\n<th>Core claim<\/th>\n<th>Champions<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Hyperglobalists<\/td>\n<td>Real and transformative; it erodes state sovereignty. Ohmae\u2019s <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cborderless world\u201d<\/span> \u2014 borders matter less; politicians, bureaucrats and the military decline.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Kenichi Ohmae, Marshall McLuhan, Robert Reich<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Skeptics \/ Realists<\/td>\n<td>More concept than reality \u2014 a buzzword; it stays within the command of states, which still regulate corporations. Stress North\u2013South inequality and regionalisation.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Robert Gilpin, Ralph Dahrendorf, Paul Hirst<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-term\">Grahame Thompson, Alan Rugman, Robert Wade<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Transformationalists<\/td>\n<td>Not a zero-sum game \u2014 it reshapes societies and governance while states endure (#MeToo, Black Lives Matter, the Paris Agreement).<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">David Held, Anthony Giddens, Ulrich Beck, Peter Dicken, Roland Robertson, Robert Keohane, Joseph Nye<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Other lenses<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Liberal<\/span> \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">Theodore Levitt<\/span>\u2019s <span class=\"n-term\">homogeneous global products<\/span> (Apple) build a global consumer culture; <span class=\"n-sch\">Francis Fukuyama<\/span> \u2014 globalisation promotes liberal democracy (the EU\u2019s eastward enlargement).<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">New Institutionalists<\/span> (<span class=\"n-sch\">Peter Hall<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">David Soskice<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Geoffrey Garrett<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Linda Weiss<\/span>) \u2014 domestic institutions mediate its effects. <span class=\"n-term\">Ideational thesis<\/span> (<span class=\"n-sch\">Colin Hay<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">David Marsh<\/span>) \u2014 ideas shape its effects.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">Marxist<\/span> (<span class=\"n-sch\">Andre Gunder Frank<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Raymond Vernon<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Robert Cox<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Paul Kennedy<\/span>) \u2014 modern imperialism validating dependency theory; <span class=\"n-sch\">Mick Brooks<\/span> reads it through <span class=\"n-sch\">Lenin<\/span> as the latest attempt to sustain global capitalism.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">Post-colonial<\/span> (<span class=\"n-term\">Diana Brydon<\/span>) \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">neo-colonialism<\/span>: exploitation of resources and marginalisation of indigenous peoples (Aboriginal communities; Coca-Cola plants in Latin America). Conceptual aids: <span class=\"n-sch\">Benedict Anderson<\/span>\u2019s \u201cimagined communities\u201d; the challenge to <span class=\"n-sch\">John Austin<\/span>\u2019s theory of sovereignty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2019 \u00b7 20m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Explain the relevance of the Marxist approach in the context of globalization.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/explain-the-relevance-of-the-marxist-approach-in-the-context-of-upsc-psir-2019-3004\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2017 \u00b7 15m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">How has the development of Global Capitalism changed the nature of socialist economies and developing societies?<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/how-has-the-development-of-global-capitalism-changed-the-nature-upsc-psir-2017-3003\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"friedman-s-phases-the-world-is-flat\">Friedman\u2019s Phases \u2014 The World is Flat<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Thomas Friedman<\/span>, in <em>The World is Flat<\/em> (2005), split globalisation into three:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">From countries, to companies, to individuals:<\/span> <span class=\"n-term\">1.0 \u00b7 1492\u20131800s<\/span> (Transport, colonial expansion, exploration \u2014 nation-states central) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">2.0 \u00b7 1900s\u20132000<\/span> (Corporations chase global markets, labour and resources) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">3.0 \u00b7 2000 on<\/span> (Individuals connect and compete, democratised by the internet)<\/p>\n<p>A parallel economic timeline: <span class=\"n-term\">1.0<\/span> pre-WWI, falling trade costs, no global governance; <span class=\"n-term\">2.0<\/span> post-WWII, rule-based order (UN, IMF, World Bank, GATT\/WTO, ILO); <span class=\"n-term\">3.0<\/span> global supply chains fusing high-tech with low wages \u2014 hyperglobalisation.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"globalisation-4-0-the-industry-4-0-wave\">Globalisation 4.0 \u2014 the Industry 4.0 wave<\/h3>\n<p>Term coined at the <span class=\"n-term\">World Economic Forum<\/span> (2019, Davos). Driven by <span class=\"n-term\">Industry 4.0<\/span> technologies \u2014 artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, big data.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Services in the firing line<\/span> \u2014 earlier waves hit manufacturing; 4.0 hits services (architecture, accounting, web design) through machine translation and AI.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">New migration<\/span> \u2014 <span class=\"n-term\">global tele-migration<\/span>: skilled migrants who never leave home.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Challenges<\/span> \u2014 political crises and conflict, economic exclusion, income inequality, human-resource and infrastructure gaps for countries like India, and unforeseeable ethical, legal and environmental consequences.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Way forward<\/span> \u2014 strengthen local and regional economies; put sustainability and inclusiveness first; protect the most vulnerable; tackle climate change; reform education and skilling (by 2022, at least 54% of the global workforce needed re- and up-skilling).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"globalisation-the-state-a-transformed-sovereignty\">Globalisation &amp; the State \u2014 a transformed sovereignty<\/h3>\n<p>Globalisation does not end the state \u2014 it transforms it. Decision-making moves <span class=\"n-term\">upward<\/span> to international bodies and <span class=\"n-term\">sideways<\/span> to markets and civil society; policy space and welfare choices shrink, most of all in developing countries.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">Realists<\/span> read it as a challenge to <span class=\"n-term\">sovereignty<\/span> that erodes domestic control; <span class=\"n-term\">liberals<\/span> see growth and capacity-building through institutions; <span class=\"n-term\">constructivists<\/span> see new norms and identities unsettling traditional sovereignty.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Joseph Nye<\/span> \u2014 MNCs exert direct, indirect and unintended pressure, eroding control over currency and foreign trade. <span class=\"n-sch\">P. J. Simmons<\/span> \u2014 NGOs shape domestic and foreign policy by setting agendas, negotiating outcomes and conferring legitimacy.<\/li>\n<li>Rise of <span class=\"n-term\">non-state actors<\/span> (terror groups included) that create security dilemmas and bend domestic policy (terror attacks deterring FDI).<\/li>\n<li>States are pushed into <span class=\"n-term\">post-sovereign governance<\/span> and transnational collaboration to fill regulatory voids (<span class=\"n-sch\">Dani Rodrik<\/span>\u2019s \u201csoft underbelly of globalisation\u201d; the Basel Committee).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2016 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Discuss the impact of globalization on the internal functioning of the state.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-the-impact-of-globalization-on-the-internal-functioning-upsc-psir-2016-3001\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"anti-globalisation-politics-left-vs-right\">Anti-Globalisation Politics \u2014 Left vs Right<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Left-wing<\/th>\n<th>Right-wing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Emerges in the 1990s \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">Zapatista uprising<\/span> in Mexico; the internet as an organising tool.<\/td>\n<td>A newer, coherent movement of nationalist groups opposing globalisation on <span class=\"n-term\">ethnic and national identity<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Set-pieces: the <span class=\"n-term\">Battle of Seattle<\/span> (1999) against the WTO; the G8 protests at Genoa (2001).<\/td>\n<td>Vehicles: UKIP (Britain), AfD (Germany), Generation Identity (Italy); figures such as Trump, Modi and Bolsonaro.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The <span class=\"n-term\">World Social Forum<\/span> against the World Economic Forum \u2014 social justice, environment, indigenous rights.<\/td>\n<td>Marked by <span class=\"n-term\">transnational nationalist solidarity<\/span>, opposition to mass immigration, and ethnically defined identity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Backs <span class=\"n-term\">alter-globalisation<\/span>; after 2008, anti-austerity (Occupy Wall Street 2011, Syriza in Greece).<\/td>\n<td>Rode the rise of <span class=\"n-term\">social media (Web 2.0)<\/span> \u2014 Twitter and the like \u2014 for transnational organising.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Divergence<\/span> \u2014 both reject the present form of globalisation; the <span class=\"n-em\">left<\/span> centres social justice, environment and corporate domination, the <span class=\"n-term\">right<\/span> centres national identity, immigration and traditional values.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"approaches-to-the-pandemic-covid-19-as-test-case\">Approaches to the Pandemic \u2014 COVID-19 as test case<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Lens<\/th>\n<th>Reading of the pandemic<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Realist<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Stephen Walt<\/span> \u2014 states remain the primary actors, drawing on <span class=\"n-term\">Thucydides\u2019<\/span> plague in the <em>History of the Peloponnesian War<\/em>; afterwards, <span class=\"n-term\">borders<\/span> matter more.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Liberal<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Joseph Nye<\/span> (2020) \u2014 the crisis proved the need for <span class=\"n-term\">global governance<\/span> and the WHO; open cooperation over narrow national interest.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Postcolonial<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-lab\">Gurminder Bhambra<\/span> \u2014 racialised minorities in the West suffered disproportionately, a <span class=\"n-term\">colonial legacy<\/span> in healthcare and frontline work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Marxist<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Mike Davis<\/span> (2020) \u2014 another <span class=\"n-term\">crisis of capitalism<\/span>: neglected vaccine research, factory farming and megaslums breeding pandemics.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Constructivist \/ post-structuralist<\/td>\n<td>Discourses of war and <span class=\"n-term\">securitisation<\/span> shaped responses \u2014 the power of language over a fixation on military threats.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Feminist<\/td>\n<td>Demanded a <span class=\"n-term\">human-security<\/span> lens \u2014 the surge in domestic abuse under lockdown and gender-specific rules (Panama City) exposed the old approaches.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"consequences-the-double-edged-sword\">Consequences \u2014 the Double-Edged Sword<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The gains<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Jim O\u2019Neill<\/span> \u2014 inequality <em>between<\/em> countries fell sharply over two decades (China\u2019s rise; growth across Asia and Latin America); the UN met its Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty by 2015; extreme poverty and child mortality fell, and fewer die in battle.<\/li>\n<li>Economic integration, jobs, access to resources, technology transfer, cultural exchange, and pressure to improve governance and the rule of law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The costs<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Pratap Bhanu Mehta<\/span> \u2014 stagnation in Western living conditions; the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment, ethnic chauvinism and right-wing xenophobia.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">J. Heine<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Ramesh Thakur<\/span> (<em>The Dark Side of Globalisation<\/em>) \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">soft underbelly of imperialism<\/span>, breeding a <span class=\"n-term\">global uncivil society<\/span> of transnational terrorism, organised crime, and drug and human trafficking.<\/li>\n<li>Rising income inequality (<span class=\"n-term\">Oxfam<\/span>: 82% of new wealth went to the top 1%), environmental degradation, and the erosion of local cultures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The verdict<\/span> A double-edged sword \u2014 an ethical impulse of vast opportunity that, mismanaged, becomes elites hunting new pastures. The answer is a humane, inclusive Globalisation 4.0 built on justice, equality and fairness.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3 id=\"the-scholarly-debate-for-and-against\">The Scholarly Debate \u2014 For and Against<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>In favour<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Joseph Stiglitz<\/span> (<em>Making Globalization Work<\/em>) \u2014 a revolutionary human activity, needing reform towards transparency, participation and democracy.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Ramesh Thakur<\/span> (<em>The Dark Side of Globalization<\/em>) \u2014 deepens poverty and inequality; an indirect capitalism of asymmetric impact.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Jagdish Bhagwati<\/span> (<em>In Defence of Globalization<\/em>) \u2014 a powerful tool against poverty and discrimination; critics overstate the harms.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-lab\">J. Heine<\/span> \u2014 breeds inequality and a soft capitalism of profit over welfare. <span class=\"n-sch\">Simone de Beauvoir<\/span> and feminist scholars \u2014 it has failed to empower women and sustains male dominance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Amartya Sen<\/span> \u2014 a positive link with economic performance; developing states need better infrastructure and governance to gain.<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Arundhati Roy<\/span> \u2014 a <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cmutant variety of colonialism.\u201d<\/span> <span class=\"n-sch\">Noam Chomsky<\/span> \u2014 corporate dominance, \u201cprofit over people.\u201d <span class=\"n-sch\">Kwame Nkrumah<\/span> \u2014 the road to <span class=\"n-term\">neo-colonialism<\/span>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"globalisation-the-global-south\">Globalisation &amp; the Global South<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Concerns<\/span> \u2014 uneven impact and rising income inequality within and between countries; the IMF and WTO seen to favour industrialised nations, worsening structural poverty and external debt.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Responses<\/span> \u2014 reform of trading and financial institutions (WTO rules on IPR, anti-dumping, farm subsidies); greater <span class=\"n-term\">market access<\/span> through tariff cuts; and seizing opportunity (Stiglitz on China\u2019s large gains).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Immanuel Wallerstein<\/span> \u2014 wealth drains from <span class=\"n-term\">periphery to core<\/span>, the <span class=\"n-term\">development of underdevelopment<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Ramesh Thakur<\/span> \u2014 the soft state of capitalism, deepening poverty, inequality and exclusion. <span class=\"n-sch\">Noam Chomsky<\/span> \u2014 declining health, education and nutrition; profit over people.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Amartya Sen<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Jagdish Bhagwati<\/span> \u2014 with the right balance of openness, regulation, infrastructure and governance, the South can gain.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Joseph Stiglitz<\/span> \u2014 correcting the <span class=\"n-term\">democratic deficit<\/span> in the IMF, UN and WTO addresses globalisation\u2019s challenges.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2023 \u00b7 20m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Critically examine the impact of Globalisation on the developing countries of the world.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-impact-of-globalisation-on-the-developing-upsc-psir-2023-3008\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2020 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Critically examine the impact of the process of globalization from the perspective of the countries of the global south.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-impact-of-the-process-of-globalization-upsc-psir-2020-3005\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2022 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation?<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"a-global-south-sensitive-model\">A Global South-Sensitive Model<\/h3>\n<p>The <span class=\"n-term\">Global South<\/span> is a contested term for states marked by a colonial history and belated development \u2014 hence their under-representation in global institutions; it has grown from a synonym for the \u201cThird World\u201d into a geo-historical label for low- and middle-income countries and emerging powers.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Rebalance power<\/span> \u2014 the rules of engagement in global policymaking must shift; the concerns of developing countries were not always met by bodies like the WTO.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Still-relevant goals<\/span> \u2014 growth with quality jobs and strong social protection; wider export and investment access; a cleaner, greener energy transition for climate and energy security.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Business-as-usual will not do<\/span> \u2014 reform or replace the instruments of globalisation: remake ageing global institutions, steer capital markets towards sustainable finance, make technological change inclusive.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">A coherent South agenda<\/span> \u2014 a just and equitable multilateral system, finance for the SDGs, and <span class=\"n-term\">climate justice<\/span> (the Loss and Damage Fund). The \u201cvoice of the Global South\u201d now sounds across Ukraine, Gaza, Sudan, climate and the SDGs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A South-sensitive design meets the danger of <span class=\"n-term\">over-centralised globalisation<\/span> \u2014 uneven gains, the drain from periphery to core, democratic deficits in the IMF, UN and WTO \u2014 by decentralising rule-making and rebalancing representation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2025 \u00b7 15m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Global South-sensitive model of globalization would prevent the danger emanating from overcentralized globalization. Discuss.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/global-south-sensitive-model-of-globalization-would-prevent-the-upsc-psir-2025-3010\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"the-developed-world-s-response-deglobalisation\">The Developed World\u2019s Response \u2014 Deglobalisation<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Three phases of the developed-world response:<\/span> <span class=\"n-term\">Promotion<\/span> (US-led liberal order; MNCs internationalise production; the WTO seals acceptance) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">Scepticism<\/span> (9\/11 slows it; the 2008 crash brings protectionism; critics call it a Western myth) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">Deglobalisation<\/span> (Brexit, EU and Greek crises, America First; COVID-19 tips it to national interest)<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Deglobalisation<\/span> A move towards a less connected world of powerful nation-states, local solutions and border controls rather than global institutions and free movement.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The 2008 crisis, a disenfranchised middle class and fear of over-reliance on single partners first produced a stagnant <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cslowbalisation,\u201d<\/span> now tilting to deglobalisation as the pandemic, the Ukraine war, ideological rifts and the green transition push states and firms to rethink external dependencies and seek <span class=\"n-term\">resilient<\/span> growth with trusted partners.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Populist politics rides opposition to the WTO and NATO; the WHO stumbled on the pandemic and the UN could not answer Russia\u2019s war.<\/li>\n<li>A decade of democratic backsliding (India, Brazil, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Hong Kong) and eroding arms-control norms; Trump shook faith in NATO; the <span class=\"n-term\">2021 AUKUS<\/span> pact split France from the UK and USA.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Baldwin<\/span> \u2014 a full collapse is unlikely; comparative advantage persists and digitally enabled services expand. Best read as a question of <span class=\"n-term\">balance<\/span>, not outright displacement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2024 \u00b7 20m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">\u201cDeglobalisation is displacing globalisation.\u201d Comment.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/deglobalisation-is-displacing-globalisation-comment-upsc-psir-2024-3009\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2017 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Critically examine the Globalisation in the past 25 years from the perspectives of the Western world.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-globalisation-in-the-past-25-years-from-upsc-psir-2017-3002\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"contemporary-assessments-where-the-argument-stands\">Contemporary Assessments \u2014 where the argument stands<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Scholar<\/th>\n<th>Reading<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Ashutosh Varshney<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Globalisation is <span class=\"n-term\">in retreat<\/span> \u2014 erosion and rollback, feeding nationalist leaders (Trump, Boris Johnson).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Pratap Bhanu Mehta<\/span><\/td>\n<td>A <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cPincer movement\u201d<\/span> \u2014 attacked from both developing and developed worlds \u2014 mutating into <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cGlocalisation\u201d<\/span>; opposition through electoral politics (Brexit, America First, Atmanirbhar Bharat); the depletion of Pax-Americana as China rises.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Deepak Nayyar<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Gains went to a few industrialised and emerging economies (BRICS, South Korea, China the star); Africa and the LDCs fell behind. \u201cEconomics has become global, but politics remains national and local.\u201d Globalisation needs a <span class=\"n-term\">hegemon<\/span> \u2014 and US decline plus China\u2019s rise does not augur well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Catherine Mann<\/span><\/td>\n<td>The gains were never widely shared; the trouble is <span class=\"n-term\">\u201cnot too much globalisation but too little globalisation.\u201d<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Dani Rodrik<\/span><\/td>\n<td>After the 1990s, <span class=\"n-term\">MNCs took the driver\u2019s seat<\/span> \u2014 market integration over shared prosperity, bought at the cost of domestic disintegration; no return to the status quo ante, only a <span class=\"n-term\">thinner model<\/span> that leaves room to rebuild domestic contracts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Abhijit Banerjee<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">Esther Duflo<\/span><\/td>\n<td>An inflection point \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">political economy has peaked, not the economy<\/span>; the missing piece is targeted compensation for losers; immigrants do not lower wages or take jobs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-sch\">Baldwin<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Evenett<\/span> &amp; <span class=\"n-sch\">Espejo<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Trade will not reverse: goods trade stagnates while <span class=\"n-term\">digital e-services<\/span> surge; US\u2013China tensions stabilise; climate change will disrupt trade; simultaneous speech translation will reshape commerce; \u201cderisking\u201d and the weaponising of trade grow; Africa and Asia are bright spots.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"future-prospects-the-many-faces\">Future Prospects &amp; the Many Faces<\/h3>\n<p>A full retreat looks unlikely, given how entrenched globalisation is. The real question is institutional reform towards a more equitable, sustainable path \u2014 a matter of balance, not displacement.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">A question of balance, not displacement<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Globalising forces<\/th>\n<th>Deglobalising forces<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>comparative advantage \u00b7 digital services \u00b7 interdependence<\/td>\n<td>reshoring \u00b7 border controls \u00b7 populism \u00b7 derisking<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Baldwin \u2014 globalisation will evolve, not unwind<\/td>\n<td>Slowbalisation now tilting towards deglobalisation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Economic chains<\/span> \u2014 comparative advantage endures; digitalisation speeds supply chains; the pandemic showed the cost of unwinding them.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Wider trade rules<\/span> \u2014 room for labour and environmental standards, public health, and socially responsible production.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Demography<\/span> \u2014 ageing in some regions, youthful growth in others \u2014 new agreements to manage migration.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">National security<\/span> \u2014 balance interdependence against security; reassess unreliable partners while cooperating on shared threats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Contemporary globalisation now runs across six domains:<\/p>\n<p>Economic \u00b7 Military \u00b7 Legal \u00b7 Ecological \u00b7 Cultural \u00b7 Social<\/p>\n<p><em>Global markets and production \u00b7 the arms trade and transnational terrorism \u00b7 transnational law and the ICC \u00b7 shared ecological governance \u00b7 homogenisation alongside resurgent nationalism \u00b7 South-to-North migration.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"n-next\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n<aside class=\"n-rail\">\n<h4>On this page<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"#what-globalisation-means\">What \u201cGlobalisation\u201d Means<\/a><a href=\"#evolution-the-three-phases\">Evolution \u2014 the Three Phases<\/a><a href=\"#three-dimensions\">Three Dimensions<\/a><a href=\"#theoretical-perspectives-the-three-schools\">Theoretical Perspectives \u2014 the Three Schools<\/a><a href=\"#friedman-s-phases-the-world-is-flat\">Friedman\u2019s Phases \u2014 The World is Flat<\/a><a href=\"#globalisation-4-0-the-industry-4-0-wave\">Globalisation 4.0 \u2014 the Industry 4.0 wave<\/a><a href=\"#globalisation-the-state-a-transformed-sovereignty\">Globalisation &amp; the State \u2014 a transformed sovereignty<\/a><a href=\"#anti-globalisation-politics-left-vs-right\">Anti-Globalisation Politics \u2014 Left vs Right<\/a><a href=\"#approaches-to-the-pandemic-covid-19-as-test-case\">Approaches to the Pandemic \u2014 COVID-19 as test case<\/a><a href=\"#consequences-the-double-edged-sword\">Consequences \u2014 the Double-Edged Sword<\/a><a href=\"#the-scholarly-debate-for-and-against\">The Scholarly Debate \u2014 For and Against<\/a><a href=\"#globalisation-the-global-south\">Globalisation &amp; the Global South<\/a><a href=\"#a-global-south-sensitive-model\">A Global South-Sensitive Model<\/a><a href=\"#the-developed-world-s-response-deglobalisation\">The Developed World\u2019s Response \u2014 Deglobalisation<\/a><a href=\"#contemporary-assessments-where-the-argument-stands\">Contemporary Assessments \u2014 where the argument stands<\/a><a href=\"#future-prospects-the-many-faces\">Future Prospects &amp; the Many Faces<\/a><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Globalisation: responses from developed and developing societies for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics \u203a Globalis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"fx_note_key":"II-A.4.1","fx_note_sec":"II-A","fx_note_point":"4","fx_note_desc":"Globalisation: responses from developed and developing societies for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics \u203a Globalis","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3546","psir_note","type-psir_note","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_note"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3821,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3546\/revisions\/3821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}