{"id":3567,"date":"2026-08-11T22:12:01","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T16:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/apec\/"},"modified":"2026-08-11T23:02:05","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T17:32:05","slug":"apec","status":"publish","type":"psir_note","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/apec\/","title":{"rendered":"APEC"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n-wrap\">\n<div class=\"n-shell\">\n<div class=\"n-crumb\"><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/\">PSIR Notes<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/#ii-a\">II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><span>APEC<\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"n-head\">\n<div class=\"n-eyebrow\">Paper I \u00b7 Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"n-title\">APEC<\/h1>\n<div class=\"n-syl\"><b>Syllabus \u00b7 Paper II-A \u00b7 10<\/b> \u2014 Regionalisation of World Politics : EU, ASEAN, <span class=\"cur\">APEC<\/span>, AARC, NAFTA.<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"n-grid\">\n  <main class=\"n-body\"><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"apec\">APEC<\/h3>\n<p>The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, established <span class=\"n-term\">1989<\/span>; permanent secretariat in Singapore; <span class=\"n-term\">21 members<\/span>, called <span class=\"n-term\">\u201ceconomies\u201d<\/span> because cooperation is trade- and economics-focused. It calls itself \u201cthe premier forum for facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Open regionalism<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Outward-looking, flexible, consensus-based and non-discriminatory; <span class=\"n-term\">no customs union or common external tariff<\/span> \u2014 each state keeps its own trade policy. This contrasts with the EU\u2019s rule-dense, supranational <span class=\"n-term\">deep integration<\/span> (single market, customs union, monetary union, free movement).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Achievements \u2014 the APEC Trade Facilitation Action Plan cut business transaction costs; the Single Window and the <span class=\"n-term\">APEC Business Travel Card<\/span> eased cross-border trade; structural reform, connectivity and capacity-building; every economy has an equal voice, decisions by consensus.<\/li>\n<li>India \u2014 its proposal was backed by the US, South Korea, Australia and Papua New Guinea; membership was withheld partly because India lacks a Pacific coastline; India received its first <span class=\"n-term\">observer<\/span> invitation in November 2011.<\/li>\n<li>Criticism \u2014 uneven growth, inflation, ageing populations; US-China friction and the \u201cAmerica First\u201d turn threaten the rules-based order APEC champions; FTAs may constrain national environmental, labour and health law, and affected Pacific Island states can be excluded from decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"n-next\"><a href=\"\/psir\/notes\/asean\/\"><em>Previous<\/em><b>ASEAN<\/b><\/a><a class=\"r\" href=\"\/psir\/notes\/saarc\/\"><em>Next<\/em><b>SAARC<\/b><\/a><\/div>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n<aside class=\"n-rail\">\n<h4>On this page<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"#apec\">APEC<\/a><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>APEC for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics \u203a APEC Paper I \u00b7 Comparative Political Analysis and International Poli<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"fx_note_key":"II-A.10.3","fx_note_sec":"II-A","fx_note_point":"10","fx_note_desc":"APEC for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-A Comparative Political Analysis and International Politics \u203a APEC Paper I \u00b7 Comparative Political Analysis and International Poli","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3567","psir_note","type-psir_note","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_note"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3567\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3751,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3567\/revisions\/3751"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}