{"id":3597,"date":"2026-08-11T22:12:14","date_gmt":"2026-08-11T16:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/role-in-un-peace-keeping\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T02:56:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-11T21:26:56","slug":"role-in-un-peace-keeping","status":"publish","type":"psir_note","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/notes\/role-in-un-peace-keeping\/","title":{"rendered":"Role in UN Peace-keeping"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n-wrap\">\n<div class=\"n-shell\">\n<div class=\"n-crumb\"><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/\">PSIR Notes<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><a href=\"\/psir\/psir-notes\/#ii-b\">II-B India and the World<\/a><span class=\"sep\">\u203a<\/span><span>Role in UN Peace-keeping<\/span><\/div>\n<header class=\"n-head\">\n<div class=\"n-eyebrow\">Paper I \u00b7 India and the World<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"n-title\">Role in UN Peace-keeping<\/h1>\n<div class=\"n-syl\"><b>Syllabus \u00b7 Paper II-B \u00b7 6<\/b> \u2014 India and the UN System: <span class=\"cur\">Role in UN Peace-keeping<\/span>; Demand for Permanent Seat in the Security Council.<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"n-grid\">\n  <main class=\"n-body\"><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"introduction-two-tracks\">Introduction \u2014 two tracks<\/h3>\n<p>The UN is the largest, most widely represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization, built after the Second World War on the philosophy of <span class=\"n-term\">Liberal Institutionalism<\/span> to promote cooperation and maintain international order.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Jeffrey Sachs<\/span> \u2014 the UN is the most important political innovation of the twentieth century.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">David Scott<\/span> \u2014 for a rising power, voice and weight inside international organizations is both a \u2018symbolic\u2019 and a \u2018substantive\u2019 measure of foreign-policy success. Rising powers push to convert new capabilities into recognition, prestige and control over the rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>\u201c\u2026may redistribute control from one state to another and benefit those governments at the centre of transnational networks to the disadvantage of those in the periphery.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>Robert Keohane &amp; Joseph Nye** (on transnational institutions)<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">India\u2019s UN engagement \u2014 two tracks that reinforce each other:<\/span> <span class=\"n-term\">Track 1 \u00b7 The Field<\/span> (Largest cumulative peacekeeping contributor) <span class=\"n-term\">+<\/span> <span class=\"n-term\">Track 2 \u00b7 Diplomacy<\/span> (A sustained campaign for UNSC reform and a permanent seat) \u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">Stakeholder<\/span> (Contributor in the field, reformer in diplomacy)<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"india-the-making-of-the-un\">India &amp; the Making of the UN<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Manu Bhagavan<\/span> \u2014 India helped conceptualize the UN and, at its birth and soon after, moulded it into an organization of universal character and appeal.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>India led efforts against a South African law \u2014 the <span class=\"n-term\">Ghetto Act<\/span> (Apartheid law) \u2014 in one of the UN\u2019s first acts, with lasting effect on the UN\u2019s powers and its self-understanding.<\/li>\n<li>India also helped develop the Security Council.<\/li>\n<li>Through the <span class=\"n-term\">UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)<\/span>, set up in May 1947, India joined UN peace work even before independence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 A founding member, associated with the organization since inception.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"un-peacekeeping-meaning-basis\">UN Peacekeeping \u2014 Meaning &amp; Basis<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">3.1 Basis in the Charter.<\/span> Chapter VII lets the Security Council use armed force, if other measures fail, to maintain or restore international peace and security; members must provide forces and facilities.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The point not widely known \u2014 Satish Nambiar<\/span>  There is <span class=\"n-term\">no specific provision for peacekeeping in the UN Charter<\/span>. It was invented by the Secretary-General and the Secretariat as a <span class=\"n-term\">non-coercive tool for conflict management<\/span> during a period when Cold War limits blocked the assertive measures the Charter allows.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Neither superpower would accept UN intervention against allies or within its sphere \u2014 the improvisation was peacekeeping without combat connotations.<\/li>\n<li>\u2192 A face-saving device that kept the UN relevant after collective security failed; in an era of Council contestation, peacekeeping has preserved the organization\u2019s utility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">3.2 Guiding principles \u2014 every operation authorized by the UNSC<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Impartiality \u00b7 Consent of the parties \u00b7 Force only in self-defence \u00b7 Defence of the mandate<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">3.3 Present position<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Established in 1948; the second-largest military force deployed abroad after the US military. Governed by the <span class=\"n-term\">Department of Peace Operations (UNDPO)<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Tasks: safeguard civilians, prevent conflict, mitigate violence, enhance security, and enable national authorities to take over.<\/li>\n<li>71 field missions since 1948; about 81,820 personnel across four continents in 13 operations. (As of May 2025, roughly 69,000 uniformed personnel in 11 active missions.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"evolution-of-peacekeeping\">Evolution of Peacekeeping<\/h3>\n<p>Four phases, from execution through an agent nation to a development-linked Peacebuilding Commission.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Phase<\/th>\n<th>Content<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Phase I<\/span><br \/>Through an agent nation<\/td>\n<td>Mandated under the UN but executed through an agent nation (1953 Korean crisis, Gulf War). Criticized for the UN\u2019s limited force and budget, with the United States dominating after 1991.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Phase II<\/span><br \/>Classical peacekeeping<\/td>\n<td>Cold-War era. Addressed military threats, local conflicts and national tensions through UN forces without great-power involvement; troops withdrawn once tension eased.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Phase III<\/span><br \/>Peace enforcement<\/td>\n<td>Post-1990s. Threats shifted to internal conflicts \u2014 civil strife in Africa and Asia \u2014 and to terrorism, environment and gender violence, producing peace enforcement and peacebuilding.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Phase IV<\/span><br \/>Peacebuilding Commission (2005)<\/td>\n<td>Proposed by Kofi Annan in <em>In Larger Freedom<\/em>. An advisory body to the UNGA and UNSC, backed by a Peace Building Support Fund of $250 million; links the Council\u2019s law-and-order role with the development function of ECOSOC.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"india-s-participation-in-un-peacekeeping\">India\u2019s Participation in UN Peacekeeping<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">5.1 Foundations of the approach<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Satish Nambiar<\/span> \u2014 as a founding member, India\u2019s contribution to international peace and security has been second to none, and in no field more than UN peace operations, beginning with Korea in 1950. The original impulse came from <span class=\"n-sch\">Jawaharlal Nehru<\/span>: liberal internationalism, a desire to strengthen the UN, and peacekeeping as part of his larger goal of peaceful coexistence. <span class=\"n-sch\">Samantha Power<\/span> praised India\u2019s support, recalling Nehru\u2019s belief that serving India means serving the millions who suffer.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 Not a permanent member, yet India punches well above its weight in troop and police contribution.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">5.2 Deployments during the Cold War<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Mission (years)<\/th>\n<th>Indian contribution<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Korea (1950\u201354)<\/span><br \/>US-led<\/td>\n<td>Medical unit (17 off, 9 JCO, 300 OR); Custodian Force for the <span class=\"n-term\">Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission<\/span> (231 off, 203 JCO, 5,696 OR) under <span class=\"n-term\">Maj Gen SPP Thorat<\/span>; India chaired the five-member NNRC in 1953. The <span class=\"n-term\">60 Parachute Field Ambulance<\/span> served three years \u2014 the longest single tenure by any military unit in a UN peacekeeping mission.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Indo-China Supervisory Commission (1954\u201370)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>One infantry battalion; monitoring, ceasefire enforcement and repatriation of prisoners of war across Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Middle East \/ UNEF (1956\u201367)<\/span><br \/>Gaza &amp; Sinai<\/td>\n<td>The first deployment anywhere of armed troop contingents; an infantry battalion with support. Over eleven years: 393 off, 409 JCO, 12,383 OR.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Congo \/ ONUC (1960\u201364)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Two Indian brigades (467 off, 404 JCO, 11,354 OR); 36 personnel killed, 124 wounded.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Cyprus (1964)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Three Indian officers served as force commanders.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"n-term\">Namibia (1989)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>An Indian force commander oversaw the transition to independence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u2192 Across the Cold War, India contributed about 38,000 troops on the Korean peninsula, in Indochina, the Middle East and the Congo.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">5.3 Deployments after the Cold War<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Commanders, observers, staff officers<\/span> \u2014 Iran\u2013Iraq, Iraq\u2013Kuwait (1991), Angola, Central America, El Salvador, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Lebanon (1998\u2013), Ethiopia\u2013Eritrea, DR Congo (1999\u2013), C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Burundi, Sudan, the Golan Heights.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Military contingents<\/span> \u2014 Cambodia, Mozambique (ONUMOZ), Somalia, Rwanda (UNAMIR), Angola, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia\u2013Eritrea.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Police<\/span> \u2014 Namibia, Western Sahara, Cambodia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Congo, Liberia, Sudan. <span class=\"n-term\">Naval<\/span> \u2014 a task force of three ships to UNITAF, India\u2019s first naval contribution to peacekeeping.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Outside the UN framework<\/span> \u2014 tsunami relief in Indonesia, the Maldives and Sri Lanka (2004), coordinated with Australia, Japan and the US.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 India has served in every UN peace operation in Africa and led several. Current contingents: UNIFIL (Lebanon), UNMISS (South Sudan), MONUSCO (DR Congo), UNDOF (Golan Heights).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">5.4 The cumulative record<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">Seven decades of contribution \u2014 the numbers to hold:<\/span> <span class=\"n-term\">2,90,000+<\/span> personnel since 1950 \u00b7 <span class=\"n-term\">50+<\/span> UN missions \u00b7 <span class=\"n-term\">182<\/span> fatalities \u2014 highest of any nation \u00b7 <span class=\"n-term\">15<\/span> Force Commanders<\/p>\n<p><em>Largest cumulative contributor over seven decades; about 4,300 serving today across 10 of the 11 active missions. India led from the early 1990s but now ranks third, behind Pakistan and Bangladesh.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">The distinction to hold:<\/span> India is the largest cumulative contributor, while its current standing in active deployment is lower.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"n-term\">5.5 Institutional &amp; peacebuilding contribution<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Member of the Organizational Committee of the <span class=\"n-term\">Peacebuilding Commission (PBC)<\/span> \u2014 argues for nationally-led plans and a \u2018lighter touch\u2019 from the PBC; contributor to the <span class=\"n-term\">UN Peacebuilding Fund<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-term\">Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK)<\/span>, New Delhi \u2014 Secretariat for International Peacekeeping Institutes for almost two decades; the <span class=\"n-term\">India\u2013ASEAN Initiative for Women in UN Peacekeeping<\/span> runs here; now trains about 12,000 personnel a year.<\/li>\n<li>Recognition through the <span class=\"n-term\">Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld Award<\/span> and the UN Medal. <span class=\"n-term\">Operation Maitri<\/span> \u2014 water channels and medical care for drought-hit communities in Ethiopia and Eritrea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"role-of-the-indian-armed-forces\">Role of the Indian Armed Forces<\/h3>\n<p>Central to the success of UN missions across three registers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Leadership in command<\/span> \u2014 Indian officers have commanded multinational forces in difficult theatres. <span class=\"n-sch\">Satish Nambiar<\/span> develops this in <em>For the Honour of India: A History of Indian Peacekeeping<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Operational excellence<\/span> \u2014 monitoring ceasefires, protecting civilians, disarming combatants; professionalism that set a recognised standard.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Humanitarian impact<\/span> \u2014 medical care and rebuilt infrastructure alongside military tasks; water channels and health facilities in Ethiopia and Eritrea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"women-peacekeeping\">Women &amp; Peacekeeping<\/h3>\n<p>Only about 6 per cent of UN peacekeepers are women; India has led here in practice, not declaration.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">2007<\/span> \u2014 the UN\u2019s first all-women <span class=\"n-term\">Formed Police Unit<\/span> to Liberia (UNMIL), serving until 14 February 2016 while empowering Liberian women; newer women\u2019s units to <span class=\"n-term\">Abyei<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The <span class=\"n-term\">India\u2013ASEAN Initiative for Women in UN Peacekeeping<\/span> runs training at CUNPK. <span class=\"n-term\">Major Radhika Sen<\/span> won the \u201cMilitary Gender Advocate of the Year 2023\u201d award.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Dyan Mazurana<\/span>, <span class=\"n-sch\">Angela Raven-Roberts<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Jane Parpart<\/span>, in <em>Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping<\/em>, show why including women makes peace processes more effective and inclusive.<\/li>\n<li>Gender-parity targets for 2025: 12 per cent of contingent troops and 25 per cent of individual police officers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"recent-trends-in-india-s-peacekeeping-role\">Recent Trends in India\u2019s Peacekeeping Role<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Specialized contributions<\/span> \u2014 engineering corps, medical teams and trainers; <span class=\"n-sch\">Satish Nambiar<\/span> on the effectiveness this adds.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Complex missions<\/span> \u2014 high-risk roles in South Sudan and the DR Congo; <span class=\"n-sch\">Gurmeet Kanwal<\/span>, in <em>Indian Army: Vision 2020<\/em>, on how Indian military strategy has adapted.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Technology<\/span> \u2014 India helped design <span class=\"n-term\">UNITE AWARE<\/span>, a situational-awareness platform built with UNDPO; <span class=\"n-sch\">S. Jaishankar<\/span> has pressed for \u201cprotecting the protectors\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Recognition<\/span> \u2014 in 2024, Naik <span class=\"n-sch\">Dhananjay Kumar Singh<\/span> (MONUSCO) received the Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld Medal posthumously.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Normative leadership<\/span> \u2014 India championed <span class=\"n-term\">UNSC Resolution 2589<\/span> on accountability for crimes against peacekeepers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 <span class=\"n-term\">Counter-trend:<\/span> India\u2019s rank in current deployment has slipped to third behind Pakistan and Bangladesh, even as its cumulative record remains the largest.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2019 \u00b7 15m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">Analyze the recent trends in India\u2019s role in the UN peacekeeping operations.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/analyze-the-recent-trends-in-indias-role-in-the-un-peacekeeping-upsc-psir-2019-4705\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"india-s-policy-on-peacekeeping\">India\u2019s Policy on Peacekeeping<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Non-alignment &amp; sovereignty<\/span> \u2014 rooted in respect for state sovereignty; Indian peacekeepers hold to impartiality and take no side in internal conflicts.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Focus on developing nations<\/span> \u2014 concentrated in Africa, in line with South\u2013South cooperation and solidarity with the Global South.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Character of the contribution<\/span> \u2014 measured not only by numbers but by professionalism, humanitarian concern and gender awareness; Indian contingents are described as \u2018Reliable\u2019 peacekeepers through easy adaptation, long deployment and readiness to take risks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"criticism-of-india-s-peacekeeping-role\">Criticism of India\u2019s Peacekeeping Role<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"n-sch\">Satish Nambiar<\/span> reads India\u2019s spontaneous, unreserved participation as commitment to the Charter in real terms \u2014 to the point of accepting casualties \u2014 earning respect from successive Secretaries-General and professionals who worked with Indian commanders. The record has still been questioned.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Nitin Pai<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Sushant Singh<\/span> \u2014 the \u201cpoorly equipped, mandated and governed operations\u201d of UN peacekeeping; participation is not commensurate to results, whether a UNSC seat or \u201cgreat power status\u201d. <span class=\"n-sch\">Anit Mukherjee<\/span> records the same \u2014 \u201cnot commensurate to results\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Peacekeeping is done mostly by developing-country troops; critics say such company implies India may not be taken seriously as a standalone great power.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Thierry Tardy<\/span> \u2014 little goodwill was gained, shown by India\u2019s loss to Japan in the 1996 UNSC election at the height of its effort.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-sch\">Richard Gowan<\/span> and <span class=\"n-sch\">Sushant Singh<\/span> \u2014 contribution flows from habit, not design; India must build strategies that convert it into recognition. <span class=\"n-sch\">Manmohan Bahadur<\/span> \u2014 goodwill in UN circles but little impact on power play, which turns on funding and the P5.<\/li>\n<li>Bad publicity through instances of sexual misconduct and corruption; funders generally have a greater say than troop donors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2192 Not all criticisms are equally valid \u2014 especially on the meaning of \u2018great power\u2019 \u2014 but together they open a serious debate on peacekeeping and India\u2019s place in it.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"issues-constraints-in-indian-peacekeeping\">Issues &amp; Constraints in Indian Peacekeeping<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Protective equipment<\/span> \u2014 a UN investigation found 2,200 Indian troops in South Sudan without proper protective equipment. <span class=\"n-term\">Complex environments<\/span> \u2014 militias and difficult terrain in Congo, Somalia and South Sudan.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Under-resourcing &amp; casualties<\/span> \u2014 many missions underfunded; India carries the highest fatalities of any contributor. <span class=\"n-term\">Limited UNSC influence<\/span> \u2014 decisions turn on funding and P5 interests.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">Domestic pressures<\/span> \u2014 low defence expenditure and personnel shortages raise the question of scaling back. <span class=\"n-term\">Local cultural knowledge<\/span> \u2014 gaps limit the soft power deployment could generate.<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"n-lab\">China\u2019s rising role<\/span> \u2014 China uses peacekeeping to build defence diplomacy with African states; <span class=\"n-sch\">C. Raja Mohan<\/span> notes this has given it a political advantage over India in the discourse. Add the reluctance of developed states to contribute, and the growing danger from non-state actors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"reforms-india-proposes-in-peacekeeping\">Reforms India Proposes in Peacekeeping<\/h3>\n<p>Peacekeeping is changing \u201cfaster than ever\u201d; India\u2019s proposals run through the whole mission cycle.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Troop- and police-contributing countries must have a voice \u201cat every level and in every facet\u201d of mandating, planning and review; Council directives must fit field conditions and match the resources allocated.<\/li>\n<li>Mandates must be field-driven, realistic, and tied to a political goal and end-state; the Council should decide new missions within 30 days, never beyond 90.<\/li>\n<li>Budgets must match mandates \u2014 modern equipment, early-warning technology and training, with wider use of CUNPK; better casualty evacuation and intelligence; zero tolerance on misconduct.<\/li>\n<li>More resources for post-conflict peacebuilding so gains persist; recruitment of civilian specialists \u2014 engineers, medics, gender advisers, climate and cyber experts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote class=\"n-quote\">\n<p>\u201cAdapting peace operations to new realities cannot happen unless those on ground\u2026 are made part of the mandate formulation process at every stage.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><cite>Ambassador Pardeep Kumar Harish<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u2192 Wider context: the <span class=\"n-term\">2025 Berlin UN Peacekeeping Ministerial<\/span> is \u201ca high-level political forum to discuss the future of peacekeeping\u201d. It has enabled the Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System (PCRS) and a Rapid Deployment Level with units \u201con standby to deploy within 60 days\u201d, alongside the A4P and A4P+ push for political support and predictable financing.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"assessment-of-india-s-peacekeeping-record\">Assessment of India\u2019s Peacekeeping Record<\/h3>\n<div class=\"n-tw\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Strengths<\/th>\n<th>Limits<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Longest and largest cumulative contribution, across every phase.<\/td>\n<td>Contribution has not bought a proportionate say in mandate formulation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Command experience, specialised capability, training and technology.<\/td>\n<td>Current deployment rank has fallen; China has gained in the discourse.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Leadership on women; soft power in Africa and Asia; a responsible-actor image.<\/td>\n<td>Persistent criticism on equipment, misconduct and absence of strategy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"n-lab\">Way forward<\/span> \u2014 <span class=\"n-sch\">C. Raja Mohan<\/span>: deepen cooperation with major powers and the African Union; go beyond troops to training, logistics and mediation; expand domestic defence capability and military diplomacy. The India\u2013US agreement to jointly train peacekeepers from six African nations signals the change.<\/p>\n<p>\u2192 <span class=\"n-sch\">Kofi Annan<\/span>\u2019s call to move from \u201cpeace-keeping\u201d to \u201cpeace-building\u201d sets the direction for India\u2019s professional and empathetic forces.<\/p>\n<div class=\"n-pyq\"><span class=\"n-pyq-chip\">UPSC 2017 \u00b7 10m<\/span><span class=\"n-pyq-q\">\u201cIndia has been the largest and consistent country contributing to the UN peacekeepers worldwide.\u201d Examine India\u2019s role in this perspective.<\/span><a class=\"n-pyq-a\" href=\"\/psir\/psir-pyq\/india-has-been-the-largest-and-consistent-country-contributing-to-upsc-psir-2017-4702\/\">Answer<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"n-next\"><span><\/span><a class=\"r\" href=\"\/psir\/notes\/demand-for-a-permanent-seat-in-the-security-council\/\"><em>Next<\/em><b>Demand for a Permanent Seat in the Security Council<\/b><\/a><\/div>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n<aside class=\"n-rail\">\n<h4>On this page<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"#introduction-two-tracks\">Introduction \u2014 two tracks<\/a><a href=\"#india-the-making-of-the-un\">India &amp; the Making of the UN<\/a><a href=\"#un-peacekeeping-meaning-basis\">UN Peacekeeping \u2014 Meaning &amp; Basis<\/a><a href=\"#evolution-of-peacekeeping\">Evolution of Peacekeeping<\/a><a href=\"#india-s-participation-in-un-peacekeeping\">India\u2019s Participation in UN Peacekeeping<\/a><a href=\"#role-of-the-indian-armed-forces\">Role of the Indian Armed Forces<\/a><a href=\"#women-peacekeeping\">Women &amp; Peacekeeping<\/a><a href=\"#recent-trends-in-india-s-peacekeeping-role\">Recent Trends in India\u2019s Peacekeeping Role<\/a><a href=\"#india-s-policy-on-peacekeeping\">India\u2019s Policy on Peacekeeping<\/a><a href=\"#criticism-of-india-s-peacekeeping-role\">Criticism of India\u2019s Peacekeeping Role<\/a><a href=\"#issues-constraints-in-indian-peacekeeping\">Issues &amp; Constraints in Indian Peacekeeping<\/a><a href=\"#reforms-india-proposes-in-peacekeeping\">Reforms India Proposes in Peacekeeping<\/a><a href=\"#assessment-of-india-s-peacekeeping-record\">Assessment of India\u2019s Peacekeeping Record<\/a><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Role in UN Peace-keeping for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-B India and the World \u203a Role in UN Peace-keeping Paper I \u00b7 India and the World Role in UN Peace-keeping Syllab<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"fx_note_key":"II-B.6.1","fx_note_sec":"II-B","fx_note_point":"6","fx_note_desc":"Role in UN Peace-keeping for the UPSC PSIR optional \u2014 PSIR Notes \u203a II-B India and the World \u203a Role in UN Peace-keeping Paper I \u00b7 India and the World Role in UN Peace-keeping Syllab","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3597","psir_note","type-psir_note","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_note"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3787,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_note\/3597\/revisions\/3787"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}