{"id":1017,"date":"2026-08-09T18:45:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:15:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/the-foundational-base-of-western-democracy-has-been-upsc-psir-2025-0611\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:15","slug":"the-foundational-base-of-western-democracy-has-been-upsc-psir-2025-0611","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/the-foundational-base-of-western-democracy-has-been-upsc-psir-2025-0611\/","title":{"rendered":"The foundational base of western democracy has been"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">Locke = foundational thinker of liberal democracy \u2014 three ideas (freedom + property + constitutionalism) joined into one design for legitimate government western democracy = power both authorised by people and limited by law + both trace back to Locke<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">state of nature: freedom + equality within natural law, not licence, vs Hobbes \u2014 natural rights (life, liberty, property) prior to government \u2014 consent as the only legitimacy, will of people not hereditary command \u2014 social contract \u2014 community \u2014 institutions by majority \u2014 taxation by consent\/representatives. [property] &quot;lives, liberty and estates&quot; under the general name property \u2014 not material alone, inalienable rights \u2014 government&#039;s purpose = protect property \u2014 right of resistance \u2192 [constitutionalism] power bound by law, \u201cwherever law ends, tyranny begins&quot; &#8211; government astrust \u2014 separation of powers + rule of law \u2192 liberal constitutionalism \u2192 synthesis: constitutionalism restrains, democracy authorises, liberal democracy needs both<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">constitutional liberalism historically distinct from democracy (Zakaria) \u2192 their union an achievement, not automatic \u2014 without constitutional limits majority may oppress; without democracy limits stay elitist western democracy inherits Locke&#039;s union of freedom, property, consent, representation, constitutional restraint government the people authorise and the law restrains \u2014 power both authorised and limited<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[36],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[51],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1017","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-36","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-democracy","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1017\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1199,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1017\/revisions\/1199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1017"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1017"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1017"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}