{"id":1044,"date":"2026-08-09T18:46:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/fascism-displays-an-ambivalent-stance-towards-parliamentary-upsc-psir-2023-0908\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:23:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:53:34","slug":"fascism-displays-an-ambivalent-stance-towards-parliamentary-upsc-psir-2023-0908","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/fascism-displays-an-ambivalent-stance-towards-parliamentary-upsc-psir-2023-0908\/","title":{"rendered":"Fascism displays an ambivalent stance towards parliamentary democracy. Explain."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> Frame fascism through its oppositions, then locate the ambivalence \u2014 hostile to parliament in principle, instrumental in practice.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> Open with the puzzle \u2014 why an anti-democratic ideology contests elections at all.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>Doctrinal contempt \u2014 parliament as a \u201ctalking shop\u201d; competition as disunity; democracy breeds mediocrity <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Mussolini<\/b>\u2019s dictum \u2014 total, concentrated authority <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> philosophical basis \u2014 <b class=\"pq-sc\">Giovanni Gentile<\/b> (organic unity of leader, people, state) &amp; <b class=\"pq-sc\">Othmar Spann<\/b> (society as a \u201csuper-individual\u201d) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> instrumental use \u2014 <b class=\"pq-sc\">Robert O. Paxton<\/b>: root within the system, then seize power (March on Rome; Hitler via Weimar) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> hollowing out \u2014 parties banned, liberties suspended, elections reduced to theatre <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Harold Laski<\/b> \u2014 fascism arises when democracy is too costly for the economic oligarchy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>The fascist self-justification \u2014 that a mystical leader\u2013nation bond is \u201cmore democratic\u201d than elections \u2014 is refuted by the practice of terror and one-party rule.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> Fascism is procedurally opportunistic but substantively hostile to parliamentary democracy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> It uses democracy as a ladder and kicks it away once the summit is reached.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[34],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[53],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1044","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-34","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-political-ideologies","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1044","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1044\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4638,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1044\/revisions\/4638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1044"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1044"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1044"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1044"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1044"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}