{"id":1076,"date":"2026-08-09T18:46:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/john-locke-is-the-father-of-liberalism-explain-upsc-psir-2013-1304\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:23:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:53:44","slug":"john-locke-is-the-father-of-liberalism-explain-upsc-psir-2013-1304","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/john-locke-is-the-father-of-liberalism-explain-upsc-psir-2013-1304\/","title":{"rendered":"John Locke is the father of liberalism. Explain."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Locke<\/b> at centre of modern liberal thought <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Seliger<\/b>: first to elaborate liberalism as a complete system<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> rights + consent + limited govt + property + toleration + resistance, bound into one frame <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> set against divine-right rule <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> title earned<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>reject <b class=\"pq-sc\">Filmer<\/b> \/ divine right <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> authority on consent, not inheritance <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> moral state of nature, not <b class=\"pq-sc\">Hobbes<\/b>\u2019s war <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> natural rights (life, liberty, property) prior to state <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> government as fiduciary trust <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> society prior to government <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> only delegated power (make, execute, judge) under natural + standing law <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> liberty under law (\u201cNo law, no liberty\u201d) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> property as fruit of labour + toleration (conscience) + right to revolt <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> liberal frame complete<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Macpherson<\/b>: possessive individualism \/ <b class=\"pq-sc\">Laski<\/b>: negative state <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> yet <b class=\"pq-sc\">Macpherson<\/b> still locates <b class=\"pq-sc\">Locke<\/b> at the fountainhead of liberalism<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> contract theory shifted from absolute sovereignty <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> constitutional rule <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> liberty under law, power under trust<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> rights, consent, limited govt, toleration, resistance in a single system <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> why <b class=\"pq-sc\">Locke<\/b> remains the father of liberalism<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[46],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[56],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1076","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-46","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-western-political-thought","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4670,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1076\/revisions\/4670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1076"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1076"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1076"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}