{"id":1346,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-asymmetrical-federalism-in-india-upsc-psir-2013-2204\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:12","slug":"discuss-asymmetrical-federalism-in-india-upsc-psir-2013-2204","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-asymmetrical-federalism-in-india-upsc-psir-2013-2204\/","title":{"rendered":"Discuss asymmetrical federalism in India."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> asymmetry = different units, different powers\/status under one Constitution <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> contrast with symmetry <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> not a flaw but a device<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> India blends common framework (symmetry) + special arrangements (asymmetry) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> tool to accommodate deep diversity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Watts<\/b>: political asymmetry (size\/population\/weight) vs constitutional asymmetry <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> vertical\/horizontal, de jure\/de facto <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Indian forms: Art 370 (pre-2019), Art 371 series, Fifth &amp; Sixth Schedules, UTs with legislatures (Delhi, Puducherry) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> rationale: equal treatment of unequal regions breeds injustice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Austin<\/b> (hold together a plural society) + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kymlicka<\/b> (differentiated citizenship)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Tarlton<\/b> (separatism) + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Barry<\/b> (two classes of citizenship) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Govinda Rao<\/b>: transparent asymmetry serves nation-building, discriminatory asymmetry harms unity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> functional device, not a defect <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> sound when constitutional, transparent, negotiated<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> harmful when politicised \/ arbitrary <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> its worth depends on how it is used<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[46],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[63],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1346","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-46","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-federalism","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1346","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4758,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1346\/revisions\/4758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1346"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1346"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1346"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}