{"id":1349,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:46","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/does-the-functioning-of-the-federalism-in-india-tend-to-make-it-upsc-psir-2020-2207\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:13","slug":"does-the-functioning-of-the-federalism-in-india-tend-to-make-it-upsc-psir-2020-2207","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/does-the-functioning-of-the-federalism-in-india-tend-to-make-it-upsc-psir-2020-2207\/","title":{"rendered":"Does the functioning of the federalism in India tend to make it appear as a unitary state in practice."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> federal in structure, strong Union bias <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> bias shows in functioning <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Wheare<\/b> \u201cquasi-federal\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Wheare<\/b>\u2019s formulation: unitary state with subsidiary federal principles <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> set appearance-vs-reality frame<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>constitutional tilt (Art 1 Union of States, Arts 2\u20133, residuary powers, Union List, emergency, Art 356, Governor, single citizenship, AIS) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> practice sharpens <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> political (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Kothari<\/b>, Governor, 356) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> fiscal (GST, CSS, conditional grants; <b class=\"pq-sc\">M.G. Rao<\/b> on cesses) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> administrative (central agencies; Kashmir, farm laws, COVID disaster law) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Mehta<\/b>\u2019s \u201cvanishing act \/ grin\u201d worry<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>only <i>appears<\/i> unitary, never becomes one <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <i>Bommai<\/i> (basic structure, limits 356), State List, dual polity, judiciary, rigid amendment <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Morris-Jones<\/b> bargaining federalism in coalition politics<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> unitary look in practice, sharpest in crises <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> appearance \u2260 reality<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> negotiated, resilient federation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> federal spirit strained, not erased<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[41],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[63],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1349","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-41","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-federalism","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1349","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1349\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4761,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1349\/revisions\/4761"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1349"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1349"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1349"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1349"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}