{"id":1354,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/land-reforms-have-failed-in-the-eradication-of-rural-poverty-upsc-psir-2016-2301\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:15","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:15","slug":"land-reforms-have-failed-in-the-eradication-of-rural-poverty-upsc-psir-2016-2301","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/land-reforms-have-failed-in-the-eradication-of-rural-poverty-upsc-psir-2016-2301\/","title":{"rendered":"Land reforms have failed in the eradication of rural poverty. Comment."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> land reform = chief instrument of redistributive justice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> charge of failure holds, but cause is implementation, not design<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> four pillars: intermediary abolition + tenancy + ceilings + surplus redistribution <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> failure real, lies in political will, not the idea<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>zamindari abolition: ~20 mn became owners <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but gain stops at the top (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Rudolph &amp; Rudolph<\/b>: marginal tenants\/labourers left out) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> tenancy reform: oral tenancies went underground <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> ceiling laws: high ceilings, benami, exemptions, litigation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> surplus never reaches landless <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kohli<\/b>: state lacked capacity to confront propertied classes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>Kerala &amp; West Bengal: strong political movements <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> redistribution reached the poor (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Varshney<\/b>); <b class=\"pq-sc\">Bardhan<\/b>: reforms can cut poverty + raise productivity when implemented<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> failure real but partial <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> of the will to enforce, not of the idea<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> where political will existed, land reform did dent rural poverty <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> the gap is one of implementation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[42],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[64],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1354","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-42","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-planning-and-economic-development","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4766,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1354\/revisions\/4766"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1354"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1354"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1354"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}