{"id":1365,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/land-reforms-programmes-led-to-some-constitutional-amendments-upsc-psir-2025-2312\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:24","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:24","slug":"land-reforms-programmes-led-to-some-constitutional-amendments-upsc-psir-2025-2312","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/land-reforms-programmes-led-to-some-constitutional-amendments-upsc-psir-2025-2312\/","title":{"rendered":"Land reforms programmes led to some constitutional amendments. Comment."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">G3 land reforms to fix unequal agrarian structure at Independence \u2192 grounded in Art 39(b)\/39(c) \u2192 challenged under fundamental right to property \u2192 drove amendments \u20ac33 agrarian justice needed legal protection \u2192 reform laws challenged in court under property right \u2192 Constitution amended to shield them<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">First Amendment 1951: Art 31 amended, Art 31A + 31B inserted, Ninth Schedule created, 13 state laws protected \u2192 Shankari Prasad upheld it \u2192 Kameshwar Singh linked reform to Directive Principles + social justice \u2192 Fourth Amendment 1955 elaborated Art 31A \u2192 Seventeenth Amendment 1964: acquisition, ceiling, compensation \u2192 Seventy-Eighth Amendment 1995: +27 laws to Ninth Schedule \u2192 Forty-Fourth Amendment removed property as a<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">fundamental right<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">landholders\u2019 fundamental right to property vs state\u2019s Directive Principles and social justice \u2192 amendments settled the tension in favour of reform G3 claim holds \u2192 agrarian reform steadily reshaped the Constitution property progressively subordinated to social justice \u2192 land reform a chief driver of early constitutional change<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[36],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[64],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1365","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-36","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-planning-and-economic-development","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1365","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2589,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1365\/revisions\/2589"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1365"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1365"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1365"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}