{"id":1365,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/land-reforms-programmes-led-to-some-constitutional-amendments-upsc-psir-2025-2312\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:18","slug":"land-reforms-programmes-led-to-some-constitutional-amendments-upsc-psir-2025-2312","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/land-reforms-programmes-led-to-some-constitutional-amendments-upsc-psir-2025-2312\/","title":{"rendered":"Land reforms programmes led to some constitutional amendments. Comment."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> land reforms to fix unequal agrarian structure at Independence <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> grounded in Art 39(b)\/39(c) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> challenged under fundamental right to property <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> drove amendments<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> agrarian justice needed legal protection <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> reform laws challenged in court under property right <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Constitution amended to shield them<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>First Amendment 1951: Art 31 amended, Art 31A + 31B inserted, Ninth Schedule created, 13 state laws protected <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <i>Shankari Prasad<\/i> upheld it <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <i>Kameshwar Singh<\/i> linked reform to Directive Principles + social justice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Fourth Amendment 1955 elaborated Art 31A <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Seventeenth Amendment 1964: acquisition, ceiling, compensation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Seventy-Eighth Amendment 1995: +27 laws to Ninth Schedule <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Forty-Fourth Amendment removed property as a fundamental right<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>landholders\u2019 fundamental right to property vs state\u2019s Directive Principles and social justice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> amendments settled the tension in favour of reform<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> claim holds <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> agrarian reform steadily reshaped the Constitution<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> property progressively subordinated to social justice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> land reform a chief driver of early constitutional change<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[36],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[64],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-1365","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-36","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-planning-and-economic-development","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1365","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1365\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4777,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1365\/revisions\/4777"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1365"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1365"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1365"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1365"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1365"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}