{"id":1416,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/write-an-essay-on-new-social-movements-in-developing-countries-upsc-psir-2019-2905\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:26","slug":"write-an-essay-on-new-social-movements-in-developing-countries-upsc-psir-2019-2905","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/write-an-essay-on-new-social-movements-in-developing-countries-upsc-psir-2019-2905\/","title":{"rendered":"Write an essay on \u2018New Social Movements\u2019 in developing countries."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">not every demand is material \u2192 Marxist reductionism fails \u2192 protest shifts to identity, rights, environment Habermas: revolt against the over-sized, over-rational state intruding on private life \u2192 but in the developing world the shift is only partial<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">organisation = decentralisation + participative, middle class &amp; students (Mukherjee and Ramaswamy) \u2192 range: youth \/ feminist \/ ecological \/ civil-rights \u2192 distinctive Southern face is ecological \u2192 Guha\u2019s empty-stomach South vs full-stomach North + Shiva\u2019s resistance to global exploitation \u2192 grounding: Tiger Leaping Gorge China (2007), Narmada Bachao, Kudankulam \u2192 but no independent evolution \u2192 still basic needs, methods identical to old (strikes, dharnas), scope tied to direct concerns<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">Asef Bayat: don\u2019t romanticise \u2192 without real political- economic change, larger goals stay out of reach<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">a hybrid \u2014 new aspirations resting on an old material base still incipient \u2014 livelihood dominates, democracy stays procedural (only the vote)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[37],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[72],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1416","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-37","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-politics-of-representation-and-participation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2637,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1416\/revisions\/2637"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1416"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1416"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1416"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}