{"id":1416,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/write-an-essay-on-new-social-movements-in-developing-countries-upsc-psir-2019-2905\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:34","slug":"write-an-essay-on-new-social-movements-in-developing-countries-upsc-psir-2019-2905","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/write-an-essay-on-new-social-movements-in-developing-countries-upsc-psir-2019-2905\/","title":{"rendered":"Write an essay on \u2018New Social Movements\u2019 in developing countries."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> not every demand is material <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Marxist reductionism fails <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> protest shifts to identity, rights, environment<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Habermas<\/b>: revolt against the over-sized, over-rational state intruding on private life <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but in the developing world the shift is only partial<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>organisation = decentralisation + participative, middle class &amp; students (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Mukherjee and Ramaswamy<\/b>) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> range: youth \/ feminist \/ ecological \/ civil-rights <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> distinctive Southern face is ecological <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Guha<\/b>\u2019s empty-stomach South vs full-stomach North + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Shiva<\/b>\u2019s resistance to global exploitation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> grounding: Tiger Leaping Gorge China (2007), Narmada Bachao, Kudankulam <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but no independent evolution <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> still basic needs, methods identical to old (strikes, dharnas), scope tied to direct concerns<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Asef Bayat<\/b>: don\u2019t romanticise <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> without real political-economic change, larger goals stay out of reach<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> a hybrid \u2014 new aspirations resting on an old material base<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> still incipient \u2014 livelihood dominates, democracy stays procedural (only the vote)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[37],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[72],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1416","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-37","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-politics-of-representation-and-participation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4828,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1416\/revisions\/4828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1416"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1416"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1416"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}