{"id":1417,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/has-the-increased-participation-of-the-underprivileged-in-the-upsc-psir-2020-2906\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:35","slug":"has-the-increased-participation-of-the-underprivileged-in-the-upsc-psir-2020-2906","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/has-the-increased-participation-of-the-underprivileged-in-the-upsc-psir-2020-2906\/","title":{"rendered":"Has the increased participation of the underprivileged in the political process of the developing societies strengthened democracy or created political chaos and conflict? Comment."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> post-1980s democratisation wave <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> participation central to democracy <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> underprivileged drawn in <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> deepening, not decay<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> entry of the excluded looks like disorder <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but it is democracy widening its base <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> strengthening, not breakdown<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>inclusion widened <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Yadav<\/b> \u201cdemocratic upsurge\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kothari<\/b> caste mobilisation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> electoral integration <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> raised negotiating power <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> chaos surfaces: Mandal reservation clash + communal violence + mobocracy (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Naipaul<\/b>) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Huntington<\/b>: not political decay <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Riggs<\/b>: not a \u201cdevelopment trap\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> India deepens democracy through the churn <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> weak democracies (Pakistan\/Myanmar) = military-bureaucratic oligarchy, not mass participation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Gramsci<\/b>: subaltern participation = first condition of emancipation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>participation as mobocracy \u2014 caste-reservation and communal conflict, competitive identity politics (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Naipaul<\/b>) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> set against participation as empowerment and democratic deepening (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Yadav<\/b>, <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kothari<\/b>, <b class=\"pq-sc\">Gramsci<\/b>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> underprivileged strengthened democracy <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> conflict is the friction of deepening, not chaos<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> churn is the price of inclusion <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> contained within democracy <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> empowerment over decay<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[41],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[72],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1417","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-41","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-politics-of-representation-and-participation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1417","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1417\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4829,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1417\/revisions\/4829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1417"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1417"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1417"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1417"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}