{"id":1418,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/explain-the-impact-of-electoral-systems-and-cleavages-in-shaping-upsc-psir-2021-2907\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:27","slug":"explain-the-impact-of-electoral-systems-and-cleavages-in-shaping-upsc-psir-2021-2907","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/explain-the-impact-of-electoral-systems-and-cleavages-in-shaping-upsc-psir-2021-2907\/","title":{"rendered":"Explain the impact of electoral systems and cleavages in shaping party systems with reference to developing countries."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">eS Ee re ae ee ee ee district magnitude decisive. FPTP single-member vs PR multi- member \u2014 Duverger\u2019s law (FPTP \u2014 two-party + candidate- centred; PR \u2014 multiparty + programme-based) \u2014 India deviation (no clean two-party; dominant-party = coalition) \u2014 rule alone insufficient \u2014 cleavage = historical social line \u2014 caste\/religion\/language\/ethnicity deeper than class \u2014 ethno-nationalist\/religious\/regional parties \u2014 Kothari (caste as mobilisation + electoral integration) \u2014 Bienen &amp; Herbst (class weak in Africa) \u2192 religion fills gap (Algeria\u2019s ISF) \u2014 FPTP + cleavages + Riggs\u2019s prismatic society\/formalism \u2014 intermediate mawt&lt;r lalnaar tn maaa thaanm aleesat: TeaaAsa<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">a aa i Mii wens \u00a34454 14 2H SS wes VS we eta, universal typologies exist (Weiner &amp; La Palombara) vs same design + deep cleavages give context-specific systems that cannot be ee ee<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">a oe ~~ s+ electoral design \u00ab cleavages, filtered through transitional society \u2014 distinctive developing-country systems interaction, not electoral rule alone \u2014 sets developing world apart from the West<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[40],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[72],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1418","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-40","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-politics-of-representation-and-participation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1418\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2194,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1418\/revisions\/2194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1418"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1418"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1418"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}