{"id":1418,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/explain-the-impact-of-electoral-systems-and-cleavages-in-shaping-upsc-psir-2021-2907\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:35","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:35","slug":"explain-the-impact-of-electoral-systems-and-cleavages-in-shaping-upsc-psir-2021-2907","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/explain-the-impact-of-electoral-systems-and-cleavages-in-shaping-upsc-psir-2021-2907\/","title":{"rendered":"Explain the impact of electoral systems and cleavages in shaping party systems with reference to developing countries."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> party system = relevant parties (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Sartori<\/b>), not raw count <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> two shapers: electoral rules + cleavages<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> electoral design vs social division <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> their interaction, not either alone <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> developing \u2260 West<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>district magnitude decisive <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> FPTP single-member vs PR multi-member <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Duverger<\/b>\u2019s law (FPTP <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> two-party + candidate-centred; PR <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> multiparty + programme-based) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> India deviation (no clean two-party; dominant-party <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2194<\/span> coalition) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> rule alone insufficient <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> cleavage = historical social line <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> caste\/religion\/language\/ethnicity deeper than class <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> ethno-nationalist\/religious\/regional parties <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kothari<\/b> (caste as mobilisation + electoral integration) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Bienen &amp; Herbst<\/b> (class weak in Africa) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> religion fills gap (Algeria\u2019s ISF) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> FPTP + cleavages + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Riggs<\/b>\u2019s prismatic society\/formalism <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> intermediate party (closer to mass than elitist; India)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>universal typologies exist (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Weiner &amp; La Palombara<\/b>) vs same design + deep cleavages give context-specific systems that cannot be imported<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> electoral design \u00d7 cleavages, filtered through transitional society <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> distinctive developing-country systems<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> interaction, not electoral rule alone <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> sets developing world apart from the West<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[40],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[72],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1418","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-40","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-politics-of-representation-and-participation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1418\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4830,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1418\/revisions\/4830"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1418"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1418"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1418"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}