{"id":1419,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:53","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/political-parties-and-pressure-groups-are-sine-qua-non-of-upsc-psir-2021-2908\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:36","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:36","slug":"political-parties-and-pressure-groups-are-sine-qua-non-of-upsc-psir-2021-2908","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/political-parties-and-pressure-groups-are-sine-qua-non-of-upsc-psir-2021-2908\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cPolitical parties and pressure groups are sine qua non of democracy.\u2019 Comment."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> democracy = organised choice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> parties + pressure groups the two channels that make choice possible<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> claim restated <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> both are the indispensable machinery linking citizens to power<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Laski<\/b>: only alternative to party government is dictatorship <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> parties convert demands <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> programmes, supply govt + opposition <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Hague &amp; Harrop<\/b>: without parties, \u201cchaos of individual opinions\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> pressure groups complete the machinery <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Finer<\/b> \u201cinvisible empires\u201d: policy influence without office, voice minorities parties overlook <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kothari<\/b>: widen participation, \u201cnon-party political process,\u201d beyond the vote <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Webb<\/b>: together they give citizens control over elites <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Schattschneider<\/b>: democracy\u2019s foundation tied to both<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>behaviouralist caution: parties <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> electoral machines, pressure groups <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> junior partners <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> wealthier groups crowd out weaker voices <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> indispensability is conditional<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> sine qua non only as living channels of representation, not vote-gathering bodies<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> statement holds, but form must serve function \u2014 revive the representative\/movement character<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[40],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[72],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1419","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-40","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-politics-of-representation-and-participation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1419","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1419\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4831,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1419\/revisions\/4831"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1419"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1419"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1419"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1419"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}