{"id":1425,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-globalisation-in-the-past-25-years-from-upsc-psir-2017-3002\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:37","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:37","slug":"critically-examine-the-globalisation-in-the-past-25-years-from-upsc-psir-2017-3002","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-globalisation-in-the-past-25-years-from-upsc-psir-2017-3002\/","title":{"rendered":"Critically examine the Globalisation in the past 25 years from the perspectives of the Western world."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> West authored globalisation, defended as universal good <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> 25 years turn confidence into unease<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> West as architect and chief gainer <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> yet by 2017 its loudest sceptic <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> arc of promotion to backlash<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>champions\u2019 faith: <b class=\"pq-sc\">O\u2019Neill<\/b> (world better, MDG poverty halved 2015) + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Bhagwati<\/b> (<i>In Defence<\/i>, trickle-down to poor states) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> doubt from within: <b class=\"pq-sc\">Stiglitz<\/b> (<i>Discontents<\/i>, neo-liberal assumptions distort gains, spread unevenly) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> 2008 crash sharpens the shift <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> backlash at home: <b class=\"pq-sc\">Mehta<\/b> (Western stagnation, anti-immigrant sentiment, ethnic chauvinism, xenophobia; West among losers) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> policy turn: moderate, not discard <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Brexit, America First, new protectionism, resist Doha<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>the establishment\u2019s success story of shared gains (<b class=\"pq-sc\">O\u2019Neill<\/b>, <b class=\"pq-sc\">Bhagwati<\/b>) set against the West\u2019s own middle-class stagnation and protectionist recoil<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> globalisation a double-edged sword for the West <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> demand is reform, not reversal <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> humane Globalisation 4.0<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> West seeks not the end of globalisation but a moderated, inclusive version <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> openness balanced against protection<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[45],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[73],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1425","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-45","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-globalisation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1425","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1425\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4837,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1425\/revisions\/4837"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1425"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1425"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1425"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1425"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1425"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}