{"id":1430,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:27","slug":"what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007\/","title":{"rendered":"What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">G@ globalisation promised integration \u2192 but redistributed economic power \u2192 developed nations dominant \u2192 challenges = unequal terms of entry R1 South enters late and weak \u2192 openness on others&#039; terms \u2192 dependency, not partnership<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">economics first \u2192 skewed balance of trade (imports &gt; exports) \u2192 job losses despite higher productivity \u2192 village\/small-scale industry crushed by MNC technology \u2192 poverty + income gaps \u2192 Wallerstein: drain periphery \u2192 core = development of underdevelopment \u2192 dependence on developed nations + IMF\/WTO (favour industrialised) \u2192 sovereignty eroded, external shocks \u2192 cultural erosion + environmental degradation + labour exploitation<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">Sen and Bhagwati \u2192 right mix of openness, regulation, infrastructure, governance \u2192 developing countries can gain<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">R1 not globalisation but its present terms \u2192 vulnerable states need regulation + equitable distribution \u2192 exposure into benefit R1 challenge is Management, not rejection \u2192 strategic planning turns integration from trap into opportunity<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[47],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[73],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1430","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-47","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-globalisation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3351,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1430\/revisions\/3351"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}