{"id":1430,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:54","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:39","slug":"what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-are-the-main-challenges-faced-by-the-developing-countries-in-upsc-psir-2022-3007\/","title":{"rendered":"What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> globalisation promised integration <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but redistributed economic power <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> developed nations dominant <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> challenges = unequal terms of entry<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> South enters late and weak <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> openness on others\u2019 terms <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> dependency, not partnership<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>economics first <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> skewed balance of trade (imports &gt; exports) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> job losses despite higher productivity <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> village\/small-scale industry crushed by MNC technology <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> poverty + income gaps <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Wallerstein<\/b>: drain periphery <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> core = development of underdevelopment <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> dependence on developed nations + IMF\/WTO (favour industrialised) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> sovereignty eroded, external shocks <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> cultural erosion + environmental degradation + labour exploitation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Sen<\/b> and <b class=\"pq-sc\">Bhagwati<\/b> <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> right mix of openness, regulation, infrastructure, governance <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> developing countries can gain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> not globalisation but its present terms <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> vulnerable states need regulation + equitable distribution <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> exposure into benefit<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> challenge is management, not rejection <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> strategic planning turns integration from trap into opportunity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[47],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[73],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1430","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-47","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-globalisation","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4842,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1430\/revisions\/4842"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1430"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}