{"id":1434,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:55","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-functional-and-system-approaches-to-the-upsc-psir-2016-3101\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:40","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:40","slug":"critically-examine-the-functional-and-system-approaches-to-the-upsc-psir-2016-3101","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-functional-and-system-approaches-to-the-upsc-psir-2016-3101\/","title":{"rendered":"Critically examine the functional and system approaches to the study international relations."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> both products of the behavioural turn <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> push IR past human nature <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> one to cooperation, one to structure<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> two modern reactions against realism <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> institutions vs structure as the new lens<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Mitrany<\/b>, \u201cform follows function\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> technical tasks build institutions + peace <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> loyalty-transfer assumption fails (nation-state legitimacy) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Haas<\/b> neo-functionalism + spillover <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> ECSC <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> political integration <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> limits: European-only, Westphalian state persists, Eurocentric <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> systems approach: structure shapes units <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kaplan<\/b>\u2019s models (BoP \/ bipolar \/ universal \/ hierarchical \/ unit-veto) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> critics: <b class=\"pq-sc\">Bull<\/b> (intellectual exercise), <b class=\"pq-sc\">Lieber<\/b> (testability)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>both remote from power, domestic politics, agency <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> systems too abstract and untestable; functionalism idealises cooperation and stays Eurocentric<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> neither sufficient alone <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> functionalism reads cooperation, systems reads structure<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> complement both by restoring power, history and agency<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[42],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[74],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1434","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-42","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-approaches-to-the-study-of-international-relations","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4846,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1434\/revisions\/4846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1434"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1434"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1434"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}