{"id":1446,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:56","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/a-combination-of-internal-pressures-ethnic-and-regional-forces-upsc-psir-2016-3203\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:44","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:44","slug":"a-combination-of-internal-pressures-ethnic-and-regional-forces-upsc-psir-2016-3203","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/a-combination-of-internal-pressures-ethnic-and-regional-forces-upsc-psir-2016-3203\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cA combination of internal pressures (ethnic and regional forces) and external threats (EU, UN, TNC, global market, etc.) has produced what is commonly 999 referred to as a \u2018crisis of the nation-state.\u201d Elaborate."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> nation-state as long-central actor <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> now squeezed from three directions at once <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> subnational + transnational + supranational<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> the \u2018crisis\u2019 = simultaneous pressure from below, across and above <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> state pressed on all three fronts<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>internal squeeze (militancy \/ secession \/ autonomy \/ identity denial \/ regional discrimination <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Yugoslavia) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> external squeeze (globalisation + regionalisation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> sovereignty made multinational) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Nye<\/b>: MNC direct\/indirect pressure <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Simmons<\/b>: NGO policy influence <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> forced re-regulation (climate \/ terrorism \/ finance via transnational frameworks) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> hyperglobalist redundancy claim<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Buzan<\/b> <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> economic role reduced, but state still the sole security provider <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> uniquely holds both capacity to act + authority to define a threat<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> reshaped, not dissolved <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> survives as the central unit<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> continuous crisis, not collapse <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> the state is remade, not ended<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[42],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[75],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1446","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-42","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-key-concepts-in-international-relations","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1446","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1446\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4858,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1446\/revisions\/4858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1446"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1446"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1446"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1446"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1446"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}