{"id":1459,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-decline-of-the-united-states-of-america-as-upsc-psir-2021-3307\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:29","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:29","slug":"critically-examine-the-decline-of-the-united-states-of-america-as-upsc-psir-2021-3307","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-examine-the-decline-of-the-united-states-of-america-as-upsc-psir-2021-3307\/","title":{"rendered":"Critically examine the decline of the United States of America as a hegemon and its implications for the changing international political order."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">BODY FLOW primacy built: containment \/ critical technologies \/ military reach \/ dollar&#039;s reserve status \u2014 brief peak 1989-2007-09 \u2014 Gilpin: fragile pillars = dollar + MNCs + nuclear weapons \u2014 markers of decline: 9\/11 \u2014 2008 crisis (neoliberalism&#039;s limits) \u2014 Afghanistan 2021 \u2014 Russia\u2014Ukraine \u2014 erosion deepest at the consent pillar \u2014 de-dollarisation (China, Russia, India, Iran, Saudi Arabia) \u2014 AIIB \/ NDB rival Bretton Woods \u2014 China across UN agencies<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">COUNTER-VIEW capability is another matter \u2014 Strange: structural power (military, international credit, services, dollar, education) \u2014 Zakaria: still unrivalled in many spheres \u2014 adaptation, not collapse, decides the future<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">CONCLUSION ROUTES R1 no handover: West \u2014 Asia, unipolarity \u2192 multipolarity, no successor hegemon \u2014 Allison&#039;s &quot;Thucydides Trap&quot; \u2014 order open to rivalry and economic shocks \u2014 Keohane: an order can outlive its hegemon R2 Behuria: \u201cMultipolarity is what the states make of it&quot; \u2014 widened strategic autonomy for India \u2014 but room for strong powers to bend norms<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[40],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[76],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1459","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-40","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-changing-international-political-order","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1459","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1459\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3359,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1459\/revisions\/3359"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1459"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1459"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1459"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1459"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1459"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}