{"id":1462,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-the-various-constraints-on-american-hegemony-today-which-upsc-psir-2023-3310\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:29","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:29","slug":"discuss-the-various-constraints-on-american-hegemony-today-which-upsc-psir-2023-3310","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-the-various-constraints-on-american-hegemony-today-which-upsc-psir-2023-3310\/","title":{"rendered":"Discuss the various constraints on American hegemony today. Which of these are likely to become more prominent in the future?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">R1 hegemony ~ military dominance alone \u2192 realist material base + Gramscian consent through ideas\/institutions \u2014 both foundations under strain \u2192 spine: foundational constraints, not flashpoints, will grow R2 start from the record: Iraq, Afghanistan 2021, Ukraine \u2192 force no longer enforces outcomes \u2192 so the real constraints sit in the material base and in consent \u2014 same spine<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">material constraint: China (technology, markets, value chains, since 2008) + Russia (Eastern Europe, Middle East) \u2014 limits of force (Iraq \/ Afghanistan \/ Ukraine) \u2014 economic constraint: Gilpin&#039;s fragility (dollar, MNCs, nuclear weapons) \u2192 deficit spending + instability \u2192 de- dollarisation (China, Russia, India, Iran, Saudi Arabia) \u2192 institutional constraint: AIIB, NDB vs Bretton Woods \u2192 China&#039;s weight in the UN system \u2192 ideational constraint: liberal order&#039;s appeal weakened \u2192 Rapp-Hooper&#039;s \u201calliance deficit&quot;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">not collapse \u2192 Ilhan: American pullback creates a &quot;false perception&quot; of multipolarity \u2192 neither Russia nor China is yet a peer competitor<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">R1 what grows is what touches the foundations: technology and supply chains, de-dollarisation, institutional competition \u2014&gt; Taiwan and the Indian Ocean test the hegemon; a peer competitor can replace it R2 constraints limit, they do not dismantle \u2192 adaptation, not collapse, settles the outcome (Zakaria)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[34],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[76],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1462","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-34","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-changing-international-political-order","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1462\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2674,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1462\/revisions\/2674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1462"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1462"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1462"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}