{"id":1462,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:57","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-the-various-constraints-on-american-hegemony-today-which-upsc-psir-2023-3310\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:49","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:49","slug":"discuss-the-various-constraints-on-american-hegemony-today-which-upsc-psir-2023-3310","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/discuss-the-various-constraints-on-american-hegemony-today-which-upsc-psir-2023-3310\/","title":{"rendered":"Discuss the various constraints on American hegemony today. Which of these are likely to become more prominent in the future?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> hegemony \u2260 military dominance alone <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> realist material base + Gramscian consent through ideas\/institutions <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> both foundations under strain <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> spine: foundational constraints, not flashpoints, will grow<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> start from the record: Iraq, Afghanistan 2021, Ukraine <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> force no longer enforces outcomes <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> so the real constraints sit in the material base and in consent <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> same spine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>material constraint: China (technology, markets, value chains, since 2008) + Russia (Eastern Europe, Middle East) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> limits of force (Iraq \/ Afghanistan \/ Ukraine) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> economic constraint: <b>Gilpin\u2019s<\/b> fragility (dollar, MNCs, nuclear weapons) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> deficit spending + instability <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> de-dollarisation (China, Russia, India, Iran, Saudi Arabia) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> institutional constraint: AIIB, NDB vs Bretton Woods <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> China\u2019s weight in the UN system <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> ideational constraint: liberal order\u2019s appeal weakened <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b>Rapp-Hooper\u2019s<\/b> \u201calliance deficit\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>not collapse <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Ilhan<\/b>: American pullback creates a \u201cfalse perception\u201d of multipolarity <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> neither Russia nor China is yet a peer competitor<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> what grows is what touches the foundations: technology and supply chains, de-dollarisation, institutional competition <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Taiwan and the Indian Ocean test the hegemon; a peer competitor can replace it<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> constraints limit, they do not dismantle <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> adaptation, not collapse, settles the outcome (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Zakaria<\/b>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[34],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[76],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1462","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-34","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-changing-international-political-order","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1462","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1462\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4874,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1462\/revisions\/4874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1462"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1462"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1462"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1462"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1462"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}