{"id":1467,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/how-are-the-rising-powers-challenging-the-usa-and-western-upsc-psir-2019-3403\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:50","slug":"how-are-the-rising-powers-challenging-the-usa-and-western-upsc-psir-2019-3403","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/how-are-the-rising-powers-challenging-the-usa-and-western-upsc-psir-2019-3403\/","title":{"rendered":"How are the rising powers challenging the USA and Western dominance in the IMF and the World Bank?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> twins still run on 1944 arithmetic <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> US 16.5% + 85% veto \/ G7 ~43% <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> BRICS ~11% against half the world\u2019s people, a fifth of output <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Strange<\/b>: \u201cstructural bias\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> stake the line: challenge runs on two tracks, inside and outside<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> power has moved, votes have not <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> the grievance is representation, not membership <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> rising powers neither exit nor accept <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> press for voice inside while building alternatives outside <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> same two-track spine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b>Track 1 (inside):<\/b> votes must follow economic weight <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> 2010 quota package (~6% shift; India 2.3 <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> 2.6, China 3.8 <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> 6) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> contest the European-MD \/ American-President convention <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> BRICS bargain as a bloc <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> India\u2019s 2023 G20 presidency presses reform <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b>Track 2 (outside):<\/b> AIIB \/ NDB \/ BRICS CRA <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> finance and liquidity without conditionality (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Stiglitz<\/b>: conditionality deepened the 1997 Asian crisis) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Woods<\/b>: a different development paradigm \u2014 infrastructure, industrialisation, poverty reduction over neoliberal prescription <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> exit works back as leverage inside <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kahler<\/b>: \u201cresponsible stakeholders\u201d or parallel institutions<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>veto survives <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> leadership convention holds <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> quota shifts too small to move the balance <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Weiss<\/b>: incremental reform cannot answer an obsolete architecture <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> new banks may fragment rather than replace<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> gains real but partial <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> monopoly over development finance broken, control of the twins intact <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> drift from <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kindleberger<\/b>\u2019s hegemonic stability towards <b class=\"pq-sc\">Keohane\u2013Nye<\/b> complex interdependence<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> close on <b class=\"pq-sc\">Kahler<\/b>\u2019s fork <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> the West\u2019s choice is to accommodate the rising powers inside or watch the parallel architecture grow outside <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> reform is the price of keeping the twins central<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[37],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[77],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1467","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-37","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-evolution-of-the-international-economic-system","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4879,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1467\/revisions\/4879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1467"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1467"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1467"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1467"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}