{"id":1468,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-evaluate-the-role-of-the-united-states-of-america-in-upsc-psir-2020-3404\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:51","slug":"critically-evaluate-the-role-of-the-united-states-of-america-in-upsc-psir-2020-3404","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/critically-evaluate-the-role-of-the-united-states-of-america-in-upsc-psir-2020-3404\/","title":{"rendered":"Critically evaluate the role of the United States of America in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) dispute settlement mechanism and its implications for the future of the WTO."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> binding DSM = what separated WTO from GATT <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> US as its chief architect <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> wanted a court to discipline <i>others<\/i> <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> court turned on US measures <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> US disabled it<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> DSM as the WTO\u2019s judicial spine, the one thing GATT lacked <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> its authority always rested on the consent of the strongest member <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> that consent was withdrawn<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>panel <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> standing Appellate Body of 7, minimum 3 to hear a case <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Gilpin<\/b>: rules-based regime lends predictability, discourages trade wars <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but US backing conditional <i>from birth<\/i> (Uruguay Round: pressing others on farm subsidies while holding <b>Super 301<\/b> in reserve) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> reservation becomes policy <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> US claim: Body strayed beyond the DSU on its anti-dumping \/ countervailing measures <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> appointments blocked + funding cut, December 2019 <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Body down to one member, appeals dead <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Ravi Kanth<\/b>: a working court obstructed US unilateralism <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Weiler<\/b>: legitimacy crisis <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> compliance incentive falls <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> drift to CPTPP \/ RCEP <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Stiglitz<\/b>: fragmentation, rule-setting eroded<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>US grievance not baseless: members failed to write new rules (Chinese state subsidies in steel, technology), so adjudication filled a gap negotiation left <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> but <b class=\"pq-sc\">Deepak<\/b>: the imperfect mechanism still curbed unfair trade practices<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> India\u2013EU repair: restore the appellate tier, bar unilateral measures, centre reform on development<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> left unrepaired, the WTO drifts back toward the GATT it replaced, and the predictability Washington itself once sought goes with it<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[41],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[77],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1468","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-41","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-evolution-of-the-international-economic-system","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1468\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4880,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1468\/revisions\/4880"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1468"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1468"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1468"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}