{"id":1472,"date":"2026-08-09T19:11:58","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/latin-america-has-made-moderate-success-in-countering-us-led-upsc-psir-2025-3408\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:24:52","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:54:52","slug":"latin-america-has-made-moderate-success-in-countering-us-led-upsc-psir-2025-3408","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/latin-america-has-made-moderate-success-in-countering-us-led-upsc-psir-2025-3408\/","title":{"rendered":"Latin America has made moderate success in countering US-led global economic order by forming various"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
Flow snapshot \u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n
\n
Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

Route 1<\/i> quarrel older than the organisations \u2192<\/span> Prebisch<\/b> \/ structuralists: primary exports for the region, returns for the North \u2192<\/span> after 2000 the critique gets written into institutions \u2192<\/span> spine staked: bargaining space widened, structure untouched<\/p>\n

Route 2<\/i> take the question\u2019s three terms \u2192<\/span> each has a body to show for it \u2192<\/span> each stops short of the structure \u2192<\/span> that gap is what \u201cmoderate\u201d names<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

ALBA 2004: barter, oil-for-services, regional currency unit vs market conditionality \u2192<\/span> Bank of the South 2007: finance free of IMF conditions, NIEO in regional form \u2192<\/span> MERCOSUR: customs union deepened \u2192<\/span> UNASUR 2008 + CELAC 2011: forums without Washington, OAS answered \u2192<\/span> Mar del Plata 2005: FTAA restart blocked, talks never resumed \u2192<\/span> turn \u2192<\/span> Bank of the South never capitalised, lent nothing \u2192<\/span> UNASUR fractures after 2018, Argentina\/Brazil back only in 2023 \u2192<\/span> bodies track the electoral cycle, not a settled regional interest \u2192<\/span> unaligned agendas, weak governance, inequality \u2192<\/span> Cox<\/b>: institutions are never neutral \u2192<\/span> Monroe Doctrine 1823 still live, now aimed at Chinese investment and Russian ties<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

never a break at all \u2192<\/span> G20, APEC, Inter-American Development Bank \u2192<\/span> push for larger presence in the OECD (Mello<\/b>: Western-led liberal vehicle) \u2192<\/span> engagement inside the order, not exit from it<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n
\n

Route 1<\/i> moderate is the right word \u2192<\/span> voice won, one veto won, authorship of the rules not won \u2192<\/span> Parsons<\/b>\u2019s \u201chot peace\u201d over any new order<\/p>\n

Route 2<\/i> refusal proved easier than replacement \u2192<\/span> the FTAA died, the Bank of the South never lived \u2192<\/span> resilience and voice, no rupture<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[36],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[77],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1472","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-36","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-evolution-of-the-international-economic-system","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4884,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1472\/revisions\/4884"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1472"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1472"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1472"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}