{"id":1511,"date":"2026-08-09T19:12:02","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/the-withdrawal-of-the-united-states-of-america-from-the-world-upsc-psir-2025-3807\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:25:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:55:07","slug":"the-withdrawal-of-the-united-states-of-america-from-the-world-upsc-psir-2025-3807","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/the-withdrawal-of-the-united-states-of-america-from-the-world-upsc-psir-2025-3807\/","title":{"rendered":"The withdrawal of the United States of America from the World Health Organization is set to have far- reaching impacts on global health. Reimagining the existing WHO is vital for the global health agenda. Discuss."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> US founded WHO (1948), principal funder + agenda-driver (surveillance, PEPFAR) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> exit raises existential questions for global health governance<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> withdrawal as latest US unilateralism (like Paris exit) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> deepens democratic deficit in global governance<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>immediate impacts (funding gaps, reduced US influence, widening health inequities, weakened pandemic coordination, eroded trust) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> domino\/legitimacy risk (populist\/nationalist agendas superseding multilateralism; US loses surveillance + early-warning access) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> these expose <b class=\"pq-sc\">Stiglitz<\/b>\u2019s accountability deficit (opaque, unaccountable institutions) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> reimagining begins <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> diversify + stabilise financing (no single donor) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> transparency + streamlined decisions + Independent Panel recommendations <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> greater voice for emerging economies + non-state actors (representation)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>nationalist\u2013unilateralist retreat (sovereignty over multilateral commitments) vs. interdependence (borderless threats, shared vulnerability, no one safe until all safe)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> no population secure until all protected <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Linklater<\/b>\u2019s post-national community of shared problems <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> multilateral solidarity as safeguard<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> crisis as opportunity <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> reimagine a more representative, better-financed, more effective WHO<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[36],"pyq_marks":[35],"pyq_topic":[80],"pyq_paper":[69],"class_list":["post-1511","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-36","pyq_marks-15-marks","pyq_topic-contemporary-global-concerns","pyq_paper-paper-2"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1511\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4923,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/1511\/revisions\/4923"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=1511"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=1511"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=1511"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=1511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}