{"id":974,"date":"2026-08-09T18:45:48","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/examine-the-liberal-theory-of-the-state-in-contemporary-politics-upsc-psir-2022-0207\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:23:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:53:12","slug":"examine-the-liberal-theory-of-the-state-in-contemporary-politics-upsc-psir-2022-0207","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/examine-the-liberal-theory-of-the-state-in-contemporary-politics-upsc-psir-2022-0207\/","title":{"rendered":"Examine the liberal theory of the State in contemporary politics."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> individual primary <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> state by consent to protect liberty \/ rights \/ property <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> claim of limited, neutral state now strained<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> liberal frame still dominant <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> neutrality questioned by the market turn, inequality, identity claims<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p><b class=\"pq-sc\">Locke<\/b> foundation (natural rights, consent; \u201cno other end but preservation of property\u201d) vs <b>Hobbes\u2019s<\/b> order-state <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> classical (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Smith<\/b>, laissez-faire, \u201cnecessary evil\u201d) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> modern (<b class=\"pq-sc\">J. S. Mill<\/b>; <b class=\"pq-sc\">Rawls \/ Sen \/ Dworkin<\/b> <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> welfare + opportunity) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> neo-liberal turn (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Hayek<\/b> \u201cmirage\u201d, <b class=\"pq-sc\">Nozick<\/b> minimal state; <b class=\"pq-sc\">Thatcher<\/b> TINA; LPG 1991)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>2008 crisis + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Stiglitz<\/b> \u201cfailed ideology\u201d + <b class=\"pq-sc\">Polanyi<\/b> (markets need the state) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> inequality <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> feminist \/ Marxist \/ neo-pluralist denial of neutrality<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> constitutionalism still central <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> strength = liberty + limits; weakness = assumed neutrality amid inequality<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> social-liberal reform (<b class=\"pq-sc\">Rawls \/ Sen \/ Dworkin<\/b>) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> liberal state survives by reforming, not retreating<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[47],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[44],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-974","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-47","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-theories-of-the-state","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/974","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/974\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4568,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/974\/revisions\/4568"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=974"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=974"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=974"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=974"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=974"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}