{"id":976,"date":"2026-08-09T18:45:49","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/what-is-the-marxist-and-liberal-approach-towards-the-state-on-upsc-psir-2025-0209\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:23:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:53:12","slug":"what-is-the-marxist-and-liberal-approach-towards-the-state-on-upsc-psir-2025-0209","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/what-is-the-marxist-and-liberal-approach-towards-the-state-on-upsc-psir-2025-0209\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the Marxist and liberal approach towards the state? On what grounds are the theoretical differences between them premised? Explain."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> both ask what the state is and whom it serves <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> opposite starting points: individual vs class<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> liberalism from individual + consent <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Marxism from class + mode of production <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> one root divide<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>liberal: individual moral unit <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> consent, neutral umpire, rule of law <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Locke<\/b> (rights, property) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Rawls \/ Sen \/ Dworkin<\/b> (opportunity) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Marxist: class not individual <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> state from private property + class division <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Manifesto \u201ccommittee of the bourgeoisie\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Lenin<\/b> \u201corgan of class rule\u201d <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Miliband<\/b> instrumentalist vs <b class=\"pq-sc\">Poulantzas<\/b> relative autonomy <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Gramsci<\/b> hegemony (consent + coercion)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>neither places the state above class <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> liberal neutral umpire vs Marxist class-domination <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> no neutral ground, premises do not meet<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> difference is over where analysis begins <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> individual + neutral order vs class power + production<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> contemporary tests (inequality, 2008 rescue, limits of welfare) keep both alive <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> umpire or guardian of the propertied order<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[36],"pyq_marks":[31],"pyq_topic":[44],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-976","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-36","pyq_marks-20-marks","pyq_topic-theories-of-the-state","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4570,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/976\/revisions\/4570"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=976"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=976"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=976"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}