{"id":993,"date":"2026-08-09T18:45:55","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:15:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/comment-on-affirmative-action-upsc-psir-2021-0406\/"},"modified":"2026-08-09T21:56:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-09T16:26:13","slug":"comment-on-affirmative-action-upsc-psir-2021-0406","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/comment-on-affirmative-action-upsc-psir-2021-0406\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment on affirmative action."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>&mdash; how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">R1 most contested instrument of substantive equality \u2192 deliberate support for historically disadvantaged groups R2 India = reservation in education \/ employment \/ legislatures \u2192 Articles 15 &amp; 16<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">equal rules \u2192 fair conditions \u2192 past injustice + structural exclusion \u2192 Rawls (difference principle, least advantaged) \u2192 Ambedkar (political democracy needs social democracy) \u2192 Sowell (reverse discrimination, merit, division) \u2192 creamy layer + self-perpetuation \u2192 counter: merit socially produced + right, not charity<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">reverse discrimination, merit erosion, social division, creamy layer \u2192 rights \/ socially-produced merit \/ inclusion<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">R1 necessary for distributive justice \u2192 must stay calibrated (evolving criteria, creamy-layer exclusion, review) R2 Ram Singh, 2015 \u2192 continuous review so deserving benefit<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[40],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[49],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-993","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-40","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-equality","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/993\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2415,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/993\/revisions\/2415"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}