{"id":993,"date":"2026-08-09T18:45:55","date_gmt":"2026-08-09T13:15:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/pyq\/comment-on-affirmative-action-upsc-psir-2021-0406\/"},"modified":"2026-08-12T21:23:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T15:53:18","slug":"comment-on-affirmative-action-upsc-psir-2021-0406","status":"publish","type":"psir_pyq","link":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/psir-pyq\/comment-on-affirmative-action-upsc-psir-2021-0406\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment on affirmative action."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pq-flow\">\n<div class=\"pq-flow-h\">Flow snapshot <em>\u2014 how the answer moves<\/em><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p1\"><span>Intro routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> most contested instrument of substantive equality <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> deliberate support for historically disadvantaged groups<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> India = reservation in education \/ employment \/ legislatures <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> Articles 15 &amp; 16<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p2\"><span>Body flow<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>equal rules <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> fair conditions <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> past injustice + structural exclusion <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Rawls<\/b> (difference principle, least advantaged) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Ambedkar<\/b> (political democracy needs social democracy) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> <b class=\"pq-sc\">Sowell<\/b> (reverse discrimination, merit, division) <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> creamy layer + self-perpetuation <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> counter: merit socially produced + right, not charity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p3\"><span>Counter-view<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p>reverse discrimination, merit erosion, social division, creamy layer <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2194<\/span> rights \/ socially-produced merit \/ inclusion<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-fb\">\n<div class=\"pq-pill p4\"><span>Conclusion routes<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pq-ft\">\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 1<\/i> necessary for distributive justice <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> must stay calibrated (evolving criteria, creamy-layer exclusion, review)<\/p>\n<p class=\"pq-r\"><i class=\"pq-rt\">Route 2<\/i> <i>Ram Singh<\/i>, 2015 <span class=\"pq-ar\">\u2192<\/span> continuous review so deserving benefit<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"pyq_year":[40],"pyq_marks":[38],"pyq_topic":[49],"pyq_paper":[33],"class_list":["post-993","psir_pyq","type-psir_pyq","status-publish","hentry","pyq_year-40","pyq_marks-10-marks","pyq_topic-equality","pyq_paper-paper-1"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/psir_pyq"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/993\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4587,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/psir_pyq\/993\/revisions\/4587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"pyq_year","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_year?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_marks","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_marks?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_topic?post=993"},{"taxonomy":"pyq_paper","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forumias.com\/psir\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pyq_paper?post=993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}