Read the passage and answer the items that follow:
In social learning theory Albert Bandura states behavior is learnt from the environment through the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways, and learn to behave similarly. This is illustrated during the famous “Bobo Doll” experiment.
Individuals that are observed are called models. In society children are surrounded by many influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends within their peer group and teachers at school. These models provide examples of masculine and feminine behavior to observe and imitate. They pay attention to some of these people (models) and encode their behavior. At a later time they may imitate the behavior they have observed. They may do this regardless of whether the behavior is ‘gender appropriate’ or not, but there are a number of processes that make it more likely that a child will reproduce the behavior that the society deems appropriate for its sex. First, the child is more likely to attend to and imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself. Consequently, it is more likely to imitate behavior modeled by people the same sex as it is.
Second, the people around the child will respond to the behavior it imitates with either reinforcement or punishment. If a child imitates a model’s behavior and the consequences are rewarding, the child is likely to continue performing the behavior. If a parent sees a little girl consoling her teddy bear and says “what a kind girl you are”, this is rewarding for the child and makes it more likely that she will repeat the behavior. Her behavior has thus been reinforced.
Question 1
Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called
(A) Observational learning.
(B) Reinforced learning.
(C) Operant conditioning.
(D) Classical conditioning
Question 2
Bandura believes that modeling is not automatic. Whether a child will imitate a model depends in part on the
(A) Child’s familial connection to the model.
(B) Child’s ability to distinguish right from wrong.
(C) Rewards and punishments received by the model.
(D) Child’s age in relation to that of the model.
Question 3
Parents are powerful models of behavior. They are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if
1. Their words and actions are consistent.
2. They have outgoing personalities.
3. One parent works and the other stays home to care for the children.
4. They carefully explain why behavior is acceptable in adults but not in children.
Which of the above can be inferred from the passage?
(A) 1 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 1, 2 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Question 4
Consider the following statements
1. Children tend to imitate what a model both does and says, whether the behavior is prosocial or antisocial.
2. Parents, TV characters, friends and teachers at school provide examples of masculine and feminine behavior to observe and imitate.
Which of the above statements are true according to the passage?
(A) 1 only
(B) 2 only
(C) Both 1 and 2
(D) Neither 1 nor 2
Question 5
What does the word “reinforcement” mean?
(A) Reward
(B) Support
(C) Punishment
(D) Repitition
SOLUTIONS TO DAILY CSAT MISSION # 49
1.(A) 2.(B) 3.(C) 4.(B) 5.(C)
Explanations
1. The products of the three ages in all options is 36 (obviously). But the sum of the ages are 13, 13, 16 and 11 respectively. So, the house number is also either 13 or 16 or 11.
Consider option (C). There are no other possible numbers whose product is 36 and sum is 16. So, if the house number were 16, the census taker would immediately have arrived at the ages of the kids as 12, 3 and 1 and would have left.
Similarly with option (D). If the house number were 11, the census taker would immediately have concluded the ages of the kids to be 6,3 and 2 and would have left.
Since he wanted more information, the house number was 13, and he was confused as to whether the ages were 9,2,2 or 6,6,1. If the ages had been 6,6,1 then she would have said that one of her eldest children was calling her. But the woman said that the eldest child was calling. This means the ages are 9,2,2.
2. Let the speed of the man be ‘x’ km/hr and the speed of the stream be ‘y’ km/hr.
Speed downstream = 18/4 = 4.5 km/hr. Speed upstream = 18/12 = 1.5 km/hr. So, (x + y) = 4.5 and (x – y) = 1.5. So, x = 3 and y = 1.5.
3. Let the numbers be expressed as 21a and 21b, where a and b are co-primes (i.e. a and b do not have a common factor). The product of the numbers = product of their HCF and LCM. So, 21a*21b = 21*4641 which gives ab = 221. The two co-prime numbers whose product is 221 are 13 and 17. So, 21a = 273 and 21b = 357. 273 and 357 are the two numbers whose HCF is 21 and LCM is 4641.
We are sorry, but it seems in some earlier versions, the LCM was given to be 52920. It actually is 4641. This was rectified as soon as it came to our attention.
4. Each number in the last row is the product of the three numbers in the rows above it.
5. Let the money spent by the ninth person be ‘x’ rupees.
Total money spent by the eight people = 30*8 = 240. The total average of the nine people = (240 + x)/9.
As per the question, x = (240 + x)/9 + 20. This gives x = 52.50.
The total money spent = 240 + x = 292.50
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