Brief of newspaper articles for the day bearing
relevance to Civil Services preparation
What is 9 PM brief?
- Poverty and the death row {Social Issue}
- Against Patriarchy {Society}
- How unequal is access to education? {Society}
- Inequality in India is far worse than believed {Society}
- GS PAPER 2
- Modi’s Africa outreach to begin from Mozambique {Foreign Policy}
- ‘Cooling-off time’ for Christian divorces may be cut {Bills and Laws}
- Fresh turmoil in Kathmandu {Foreign Policy}
- Journey without maps {Bills and Laws}
- GS PAPER 3
- India may solve Venezuelan defaults {Economy}
- Digital DBT aids rural job schemes {Indian Economy}
- The biggest-ever fire sale of Indian corporate assets has begun, to tide over bad loans crisis {Economy}
- A revolution in Indian banking {Indian Economy}
- Don’t blame it on NITI Aayog {Indian Economy}
- Army chief orders rightsizing study {Security – Paper III}
GS PAPER 1
[1] Poverty and the death row
News
- A report released by the National Law University, Delhi, on the working of the death penalty in India
- provides validation and proof for something that those familiar with administration of justice knew all along:
- that most of those sentenced to death in the country are poor and uneducated; and many belong to religious minorities.
- provides validation and proof for something that those familiar with administration of justice knew all along:
For details in the report refer earlier article summary.
The late President, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, had once asked in a public meeting that “Why are so many poor people on death row?”
Now the question arises is whether these statistics indicate systemic bias or institutionalised prejudice.
It is not uncommon that legal grounds unavailable to the vulnerable are invoked in favour of the influential.
Invoking any ground to commute a death sentence to life is welcome
- the impression is inescapable that such relief often comes at a very late stage
- only to those with the means to pursue legal remedies till the very end.
When a judicial system that is seen as favouring the influential resorts to capital punishment, it will be vulnerable to the charge of socio-economic bias.
Law and society, therefore, will be better served if the death penalty itself is abolished.
These statistics must reinforce the larger moral argument against the state taking the life of a human being — any human being — as punishment.
[2] Against Patriarchy
Issue
- Temple entry movement.
Context
- Two petitions have been filed by Hindu and Muslim women to challenge the restrictions on women’s entry to the shrine area at Shani Shingnapur temple in Ahmednagar district and restrictions imposed on women (since 2011) at the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli, Mumbai, respectively in the Bombay High Court.
Substance of both petitions is simple:
- Women of all religions have the right to equal access, on par with men, to what they consider sacred spaces.
- But certain outfits, both Hindu and Muslim, are looking for a communal dividend from a constitutional demand for ending gender discrimination.
Law relating to it
- Maharashtra Hindu Places of Public Worship (entry Authorisation) Act, 1956 stipulates: “no Hindu of whatsoever section or class shall in any manner be prevented, obstructed or discouraged from entering such place of public worship or from worshipping or offering prayers, or performing a religious service.”.
‘Haji Ali Sab ke liye’ (Haji Ali for Everybody).
- It is a forum launched by representatives from over a dozen progressive, secular-democratic mass organisations and prominent Mumbaikars (Muslims and non-Muslims).
- It affirmed that: women of all religions have the right to equal access, on par with men, to sacred space; the Shani Shingnapur temple and Haji Ali dargah issues were not about religion but parampara rooted in patriarchy; the Constitution of India has supremacy over custom and tradition.
[3] How unequal is access to education?
Education has for long been the key to moving up the economic and social ladder. There can be no equality of opportunity without access to quality education.
The National Sample Survey Organisation’s (NSSO) most recent survey on education (71st round)
- This shows inequality in education access in India because of n number of reasons.
One key indicator of the current state of access to education is the net attendance ratio (NAR).
- Students attending a particular section divided by the total number of kids of that age group.
- For example, for Classes I to V, NAR is the number of children aged 6-10 years currently attending Classes I-V, divided by estimated population in the age group 6-10 years.
- The result is expressed as a percentage.
Facts of the report:
- 89% of kids of primary school going age of the richest fifth of the population attend school both in the rural and urban areas, while that proportion drops to 79% for kids in the poorest fifth of the population in rural areas and 78% in urban areas. The results are not bad at the primary school level.
- But NAR drops sharply when it comes to secondary school and becomes worse at the higher secondary level.
- Also, the difference between the richest fifth and the poorest fifth in enrolment widens sharply from the primary section to the secondary and higher educational levels.
- This reflects that while basic literacy is being available to all, the gulf between the poor and rich accessing the higher education is large.
Comparison based on Gender
- There isn’t much of a difference between enrolment of girls and boys, particularly at the primary level.
- But several states have wide gender differences in NAR at the secondary levels.
- For instance, NAR at the secondary level in Gujarat is 63% for boys and 43% for girls.
Comparison based on caste
The difference in enrolment based on caste at the primary levels is not much. But the difference between scheduled castes and tribes and other categories widens at higher levels of education.
- It is particularly large for urban girls belonging to scheduled tribes at the secondary and higher secondary levels.
Comparison based on Religion
- Among religious identities, enrolment of Muslims is lower compared to those of other religions at every level, both for males and females.
- In urban India, while enrolment for Muslim boys in primary schools is only marginally lower, the proportion at the higher educational levels is substantially lower. For urban Muslim girls, NAR is substantially lower than for those professing other faiths.
What about the quality of education?
One way to ascertain wuality is to compare the amounts spent on education, in the belief that more spending equals better quality.
- Average expenditure in the primary section for the top quintile is almost double that of the next quintile.
- A substantial difference exists between the amount spent by the top quintile and the others in higher education as well.
According to the World Bank indicators, government expenditure on education as a percentage of gross domestic product was 3.8% for India in 2012. There’s no reason why it can’t be increased.
- But much also has to be done to improve the quality of government schools.
Private tuition is way to increase the quality of education a child is getting:
- Even in the lowest quintile or poorest fifth of the population, as many as 28.9% of urban students and 17.2% of rural students take private tuitions.
- This figure is 38.1% and 24.7%, respectively for students among the richest 20% of the population.
- It shows that the poor too want to give their children the advantage of a good education but it is also a massive vote of no-confidence in the government school system.
Conclusion:
- While access to education at the primary level has become widespread, glaring inequalities in enrolment exist at the secondary and higher levels.
- As Reserve Bank of India governor Raghuram Rajan said in a recent speech, “skills and capabilities have become much more important in well-paid jobs, and those born in good circumstances have a much better chance at acquiring these.”
[4] Inequality in India is far worse than believed
“Economic reforms was to encourage the growth of industries that use labour intensively, create jobs in the productive sectors of the economy and reduce income inequalities.” Manmohan singh
International Monetary Fund (IMF) released new data based its analysis on the Gini coefficient shows that
- The two most successful Asian economies after 1990—China and India—have seen inequality rise in tandem with economic growth.
- Inequality in India is of Latin American rather than East Asian proportions.
- This is in sharp contrast to what happened in countries such as South Korea or Taiwan in earlier decades.
- IMF has done its analysis based on Gini coefficient – a standard measure of inequality.
The inequality problem has to be understood properly if it has to be dealt with successfully.
Causes
- There are several possible explanations for growing income inequality—from the nature of technological progress to the lack of opportunities due to the caste system, to ineffective government spending programmes and lack of infrastructure that connects people in the interiors to markets.
Job creation has been one of the major failures amid the overall success of the economic reforms. The failure to create enough factory and office jobs has prevented the people to move to high productivity jobs from low productivity ones.
Also, inequality in India has two extra facets that deserve attention.
- There is difference in productivity growth between the urban and rural areas.
- There is the income gap within the cities between those who have been able to connect to the global economy and those who have not.
- One illustration of this is the millions of farmers still trapped in a stagnant agricultural sector.
The countries of East Asia while facing the same problem managed to counter it through labour intensive industrialization, which unfortunately has not been the case with India.
How does India fare when compared globally?
- Global inequality has actually decreased since millions of Indians and Chinese began joining the global middle class from 1990 onwards.
- Lower global inequality is paradoxically a result of higher inequality in India and China.
Conclusion
Very high levels of inequality are not good for any economy. It is argued that widening inequality can weaken public support for economic reforms, and thus encourage governments to choose populist policies as seen in India in the past years
What is a gini coefficient:
- The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality of a distribution. It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: the numerator is the area between the Lorenz curve of the distribution and the uniform distribution line; the denominator is the area under the uniform distribution line.
GS PAPER 2
[1] Modi’s Africa outreach to begin from Mozambique
Schedule of PM Modi
- After completing visits to the energy rich Gulf region, Prime Minister Narendra Modi is likely to begin a new round of energy diplomacy and diaspora-outreach in Africa, with visits to Mozambique and South Africa this summer.
Significance of this visit
- Mr. Modi’s visit to Mozambique is significant as the country is home to a bulk of India’s Africa-bound investment.
- Energy dialogue between two sides has been steadily growing since the India Africa Forum Summit.
- In August 2015, both sides had signed a crucial MoU to cooperate in the new and renewable energy sector.
- Mozambique is expected to become a major energy exporter like Nigeria if it can set a proper legal framework to enable foreign firms to explore oil and gas in the country.
- India has been a major campaigner to facilitate the pro-energy legal framework in the country.
South Africa trip
- The visit to South Africa will be more political and of symbolic value.
- South Africa has been a partner of India under the BRICS platform and the visit to Johannesburg is likely to provide an important dialogue to the run up to the BRICS summit to be held in Goa later this year.
[2] ‘Cooling-off time’ for Christian divorces may be cut
News
- The government is looking forward to amend a condition in a 147-year-old divorce law mandating Christian couples to live separately for two years before they can apply for dissolution of marriage.
- This is called judicial separation
Why?
- Because Supreme Court’s comments that this condition, called judicial separation, “makes no sense” today.
What is the proposal?
- The Law and Justice Ministry is proposing to amend the Divorce Act, 1869 to reduce by half — from two years to one — the waiting period for Christians who have already decided to divorce.
Conclusion:
- This proposed amendment would end the disparity between the Christian divorce law and other personal laws, including the Hindu Marriage Act, the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act and even the Special Marriage Act, all of which mandate only a year’s judicial separation.
[3] Fresh turmoil in Kathmandu
Context
- Fractured internal politics of Nepal and its implications on relationship with India.
What happened?
- Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)-UCPN(M), threatened to withdraw support.
- President Bidhya Devi Bhandari’s maiden visit to India, scheduled to begin on May 9 has been cancelled.
- Senior officials close to Mr. Oli have openly blamed India for the conspiracy to topple the Oli government, leading to a further deterioration in the bilateral relationship.
Fractured internal politics
- UCPN (Maoist) leader Pushpa Kamal Dahal “Prachanda” gave vent to his unhappiness with the government’s performance on post-earthquake reconstruction and lack of progress on the constitutional amendment process.
- Mr. Prachanda’s real source of unhappiness was that the cases registered against the Maoist cadres during the insurgency had not been withdrawn despite repeated assurances by Mr. Oli.
- A new nine point agreement between the Maoists and the UML — which commits the Oli government to granting clemency to Maoist cadres, providing compensation to the injured and others who lost their livelihoods, facilitating land allotments, bringing in controversial transitional justice provisions pending for over a decade, and ensuring close consultation with regard to government appointments — had been concluded.
- The agreement also provides for accelerating reconstruction work and addressing Madhesi demands at the earliest though it is clear that the Oli government is in no mood to move forward in this regard.
- Mr. Oli knows that his reprieve is going to be a brief one and sooner rather than later, Mr. Prachanda will be knocking at the doors of Baluwatar (the Prime Minister’s residence).
- Mr. Oli blamed India for backing the Madhesi agitation and imposing an economic blockade on Nepal.
- His assurances to Mr. Modi during his visit to India recently remain unfulfilled. The Madhesi agitation may have been called off but there is simmering discontent and unrest across the Terai.
Oli’s dysfunctional politics
- In this atmosphere of political uncertainty and a dysfunctional government, Nepal’s reconstruction efforts have suffered.
- Mr. Oli’s tenure has also witnessed a steep downturn in relations with India. Like his coalition partner Mr. Prachanda, he has sought to bolster legitimacy by deliberately stoking nationalist sentiment and blaming India for his problems, both political and economic, and flaunting the China card.
Introspection is needed
- After visiting India, Mr. Oli undertook a much publicised visit to China in March.
- Among the slew of agreements signed, the most publicised was that on transit which permits use of Chinese ports for transit of goods to Nepal.
- Yet one look at a map makes it clear that this cannot change the dictates of geography. China can fund power generation projects in Nepal and also provide concessional funding for expanding Pokhara airport (and India would welcome this engagement) but China will never allow an open border between Nepal and Tibet for visa-free travel!
- Mr. Oli may be on his way out but the Indian government also needs to introspect about why Mr. Modi’s “neighbourhood first” policy has backfired in Nepal, after having gotten off to a splendid start when he visited Nepal in 2014 and laid out the contours of the relationship that he wanted to develop. Since then, relations have soured and perceptions have turned hostile.
- Mr. Modi needs to find a Nepal policy that can resurrect the image of India that he had successfully presented — of a friendly and caring India, sensitive to Nepal’s concerns, and generous in seeking mutually beneficial partnerships.
[4] Journey without maps
Government is planning to introduce a bill naming Geospatial Information Regulation Bill 2016
Where government is planning to introduce a new type of fine for failure to correctly depict the borders of India could be a punishable offence for which one has to give a fine of up to Rs 100 crore.
The terminology of the draft is psychotically comprehensive. “Whoever depicts, disseminates, publishes or distributes any wrong or false topographic information of India” can be held to account.
Who all will be included?
- Printers, publishers, media and filmmakers who depict maps in their productions
- Private citizens posting on social media
- And even village children scrawling maps with chalk on their slates.
But wouldn’t the last two be culpable even if their maps were reasonably accurate? They didn’t take prior permission, did they?
Conclusion:
- It is necessary to make laws but government should avoid a habit of making useless bills and laws and this is one of them.
- Instead of making maps accurately government should focus on border security, illegal immigrants and many more, which seriously needs government concern.
GS PAPER 3
[1] India may solve Venezuelan defaults
News
- The Commerce Ministry had recently written to the Venezuelan government to resolve the issue of payment defaults.
- Ministry has proposed a mechanism to address the issue of non-payment of dues by Venezuelan importers to Indian exporters.
- Venezuela has not given its approval to the proposed payment mechanism. Talks on the issue will soon be held with the RBI.
Venezuela
- Venezuela is a country on the northern coast of South America.
- Capital: Caracas
- Currency: Venezuelan bolívar
- Official language: Spanish
- Is an economy that relies on oil exports
- It has been severely hit by a drastic fall in oil prices.
India venezuela trade:
- India’s goods exports to Venezuela in 2014-15 were $258 million (registering a 31 per cent year-on-year growth).
- Owing to the crisis in Venezuela, India’s exports in FY16 (April-February) have touched only $125.5 million.
- India shipped mostly pharmaceutical products which amounted to $143.55 million in FY15 and $71.3 million in FY16.
- The sector is the worst affected due to the payment defaults.
Proposed payment mechanism:
- When Indian importers pay for oil and other imports from Venezuela, a certain portion (say around 30 per cent) of the payment will be held by an Indian public sector bank, say SBI, in Venezuela.
- Then through a vostro account that money will be kept in SBI’s Mumbai branch and converted to Indian rupees.
- What is a Vostro account?
- ‘Vostro’ is an Italian term meaning ‘yours’, and vostro account refers to holding ‘your’ money or Venezuela’s money in this case.
- When India’s exports to Venezuela, the Venezuelan buyer (importer) will certify that they have received the goods and instruct the concerned Venezuelan bank to release the payment to the concerned Indian exporters.
- This instruction will be passed on to SBI-Venezuela and then to SBI-Mumbai.
- Finally, SBI-Mumbai will release the payment to Indian exporters by debiting from the vostro account.
Why is it still in proposed state?
- Due to the fear of losing the Venezuelan market to competitors from other countries including China, India’s exporters including from the pharmaceutical sector have decided to hold on for the moment despite the payment problems.
- Discussions at the RBI-level would take into account a few concerns.
- The trade balance is still hugely in Venezuela’s favour.
RBI should consider it cautiously because:
- India’s goods imports from Venezuela in 2014-15 were worth $11.7 billion, most of this were oil imports.
- During FY16 , India’s imported goods worth $5.2 billion from Venezuela, but nearly all of it was oil imports.
- So if even 30 per cent of around $10 billion worth (annual) payment — for imports from Venezuela — is kept annually in the vostro account, it will be a huge amount considering India’s annual exports to Venezuela have not even crossed $260 million so far.
- Therefore, if Venezuela withdraws the remaining amount (after paying for India’s exports) in one go after a few years, it could have some impact on the Indian rupee.
[2] Digital DBT aids rural job schemes
News
- The government has electronically transferred more than Rs.61,000 crore in the last financial year through the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme.
According to the data presented in Parliament
- Rs.61,824.32 crore was transferred to 30.8 crore beneficiaries in 59 schemes.
- Out of this, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) payments made up Rs.25,800 crore, or 42 per cent of total DBT schemes.
Scheme % Through DBT Rupees transferred
- MGNREGA payments 85 per cent Rs.25,800 crore
- PAHAL scheme 35 per cent Rs.21,400 crore
- Schemes under Department of Higher Education Rs.1,975 crore
- Schemes under Ministry of Minority Affairs Rs.1,134 crore
- Schemes under Ministry of Tribal Affairs Rs.955 crore
3.34 crore duplicate, fake, or inactive consumers were blocked under the PAHAL and related schemes as of April 1, 2015.
The savings in LPG subsidy on account of this blocked customers, calculated at an average cash subsidy of Rs.150 taking the average cylinders used by a consumer at 6.5 comes to an estimated savings of Rs.3,300 crore in 2015-16.
[3] The biggest-ever fire sale of Indian corporate assets has begun, to tide over bad loans crisis
News
- We are seeing Inc.’s biggest ever fire sale. It’s even bigger than the government’s planned divestment target.
Why?
- The Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) has decided to clean up the balance sheets of Indian banks, which are collectively saddled with Rs five lakh crore of bad loans, by the end of this fiscal.
- So, the banks have started cracking the whip on Indian companies for repayment of loans.
- For most affected firms and groups, this will mean they will be forced to sell prized assets to repay their ballooning debts.
‘for sale’ tags
- On airports, roads, ports, steel plants, cement units, refineries, malls, corporate parks, land banks, coal mines, oil blocks, express highways, airwaves, Formula One teams, hotels, private jets, and even status symbol corporate HQs. Substantial stakes in firms, and in some cases entire companies, are for sale at auction.
The top 10 business house debtors alone owe Rs 5,00,000 crore to the banks. They will be forced to sell assets worth over Rs 2,00,000 crore.
It’s a balance sheet recession
- Corporate debt to equity is at all-time high
- The debt service ratio is at a new low. The BSE 500 index companies have about 4 times their operating income to pay interest expenses compared to around 10 times in the boom years
- Interest to sales is approaching an all-time high, hurting net margins and impeding debt serviceability.
- Excess return on capital (ROCE minus the prime lending rate) is at all-time lows and in negative territory. This means that companies are earning less on their investment than the cost of their debt.
[4] A revolution in Indian banking
Context
- There is an inherent contradiction in the coexistence of a free market and a repressive banking system, and it should be addressed.
Background
- Recognising the need for having an explicit policy on banking structure in India in line with the recommendations of the Narasimham Committee, Raghuram G. Rajan Committee and other viewpoints, the Reserve Bank came out with a policy discussion paper on Banking Structure in India – The Way Forward on August 27, 2013.
- After a thorough examination of the pros and cons, the discussion paper made out a case for reviewing the current ‘Stop and Go’ licensing policy and for considering a ‘continuous authorisation’ policy on the grounds that such a policy would increase the level of competition and bring new ideas into the system.
RBI is determined to address repressive financial system
- In April, RBI expressed its intention to allow wholesale banks and custodian banks to come up and finally, last week, it released draft guidelines for ‘on-tap’ licensing of private sector universal banks.
- On-tap licensing means that the RBI window for granting banking licences will be open through the year.
- As competition intensifies, the informal cartelization of banks to deny benefits of free savings rate will break and loan rates too will come down.
- Apart from this, there will be a couple of other interesting fallouts of a liberal entry regime in the banking space.
- India’s government-owned banks, which account for about 70% of assets, will lose their market share. A pile of bad loans, lack of capital and inefficient board and top management in some cases, among other things, will shrink business opportunities for them.
- Which is why both the government as well as the banking regulator have been pushing for consolidation among public sector banks. Interestingly, many foreign banks too have lost their way in India.
The present guidelines include
- (i) resident individuals and professionals having 10 years of experience in banking and finance as eligible persons to promote universal banks;
- (ii) large industrial/business houses are excluded as eligible entities but permitted to invest in the banks to the extent of less than 10 per cent;
- (iii) Non-Operative Financial Holding Company (NOFHC) has now been made non-mandatory in case of promoters being individuals or standalone promoting/converting entities who/which do not have other group entities;
- (iv) The NOFHC is now required to be owned by the promoter/promoter group to the extent of at least 51 per cent of the total paid-up equity capital of the NOFHC, instead being wholly owned by the promoter group; and
- (v) Existing specialised activities have been permitted to be continued from a separate entity proposed to be held under the NOFHC subject to prior approval from the Reserve Bank and subject to it being ensured that similar activities are not conducted through the bank as well.
Author’s suggestions:-
- The idea of allowing individuals and professionals with 10 years of banking experience to promote banks and keeping large business houses out of it (they can invest in the banks up to 9.99%) are welcome, but what is so sacrosanct about resident Indians and NBFCs controlled by residents? In a capital-starved country, why can’t RBI let non-resident Indians and firms controlled by foreigners float banks? They can bring in capital, skill, technology, modern products and processes and innovations. As long as ownership is separated from the management and a bank is not allowed to have any exposure to its promoters and major shareholders, there is no harm in relaxing this norm.
- Second, in the final guidelines, the regulator must indicate a time-frame for a bank licence application and RBI response. Without this, ‘on-tap’ licence will lose its meaning. It is assumed, while opening the window for ‘on-tap’ licensing, RBI does not have a figure in mind. If this is true, every ‘fit and proper’ applicant should get a licence.
- Finally, every time RBI opens the door for banking licence, why does it need to refer the applications to an external committee?Wiser with giving 35 banking licences in the past two-and-a-half decades, the 81-year-old banking regulator can take the onus on itself to pick the right candidates.
[5] Don’t blame it on NITI Aayog
Context
- NITI Aayog has released a document, Creating a movement for change, blueprint of sorts for the Indian economy to achieve a gross domestic product (GDP) of $10 trillion by the year 2032.
Criticism of the document
- Some questioned the choice of terminal date—2032.
- Most criticisms centered on the $10 trillion target and on how the government expected to go about achieving it.
- There is absence of the articulation of a “strategic path” to achieve the $10 trillion goal.
- Questions are raised whether the target is envisaged in nominal or real (that is, inflation-adjusted terms).If the former, the target will be easily achieved, projecting recent trends forward; if the latter, it may be a tall order indeed.
Arguments in favour of the document
- The document in question is not a “vision” statement, nor is it an economic policy plan that an economist would produce.
- The genesis of the report is that the prime minister tasked all of the secretaries to the Union government to produce a series of practical, actionable recommendations which would serve to improve the bureaucratic functioning of government.
- The document is better understood as a manual of sorts for the upper echelons of the bureaucracy to improve the functioning of the machinery of government.
Conclusion
Creating a movement for change does a credible job of achieving what was intended, which is to galvanize the bureaucracy into making the government function better.
[6] Army chief orders rightsizing study
News
- Chief of the Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh, has ordered a high-level study to determine and recommend measures to improve its tooth-to-tail ratio, in an attempt to make the world’s third largest standing Army a leaner and meaner fighting force.
What is tooth-to-tail ratio?
- The tooth-to-tail ratio, referred to as T3R in the Army, is the ratio of fighting arms, which wage the actual battle such as infantry and armoured wings, to support services, such as logistics, signals and ordnance.
Key Points:
- The study will be undertaken by a committee headed by an Army Commander. The report is expected by August-end, after which recommendations will be considered for implementation.
- The study will comprehensively look at all arms and services, including logistics organisation and establishment to achieve right-sizing.
- Operational logistics will be reviewed, along with the philosophy and concepts to arrive at an optimal substance model both in peace and war.
- The other objective of the study is to achieve savings in manpower and cutting down on the burgeoning revenue expenditure to free up resources for military modernisation.
- The study will look at the impact of equipment modernisation and automation levels improved communication and critical infrastructure development to review stock levels, inventory management models and logistics chain which add to the “tail”.
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