Consider the following statements regarding the Earth's magnetic field:
1. The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field is aligned with the Earth's geographic North- South poles.
2. Of all the heavenly bodies in the Solar system, only Earth is known to have a magnetic field.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
pls explain the first statement and how it is wrong
I think it's because the geographic north and south pole are not at the same location as that of the magnetic poles. So when using a compass, it actually points to the magnetic pole and not the true geographic north. This difference is known as magnetic inclination.
On further research i found that
Under contractarianism, I seek to maximise my own interests in a bargain with others.Under contractualism, I seek to pursue my interests in a way that I can justify to others who have their own interests to pursue.I am Still confused though
I'll try to explain whatever I have understood.
Contractualism, which has its roots in Rousseau, is basically creating a contract where you can pursue your own interests while equally respecting the interests of the others involved in the contract. Contractarinaism, which has its roots in Hobbes, creates a contract where you only worry about your own self interests. That is, you don't consider the interests of the other parties involved.
Now Rawls' contractualism is a contract that everyone would agree to. So for this, he places the parties to the contract under a veil of ignorance. That is, he assumes that the parties themselves don't know about themselves or any of their own interests.This means that all the parties have to be concerned about everyone's interests since they don't know their own interests.Thus, the resulting contract would be something that everyone agrees to.
If you still have confusions, let me know. I'll try to explain it with a simplified example.
So the Chandrabhaga beach has been reported to get blue flag certification. But no govt document or official website source confirms this. Whats the status of the beach?
According to various news sources, including WION, it's the first beach in Asia to get the Blue Flag certification.
@Rj_Khan @TabsAndChords Wow thank you both so much. I definitely would have gotten that wrong if such a question comes up. I stand corrected.
Is high leverage ratio for a bank good or bad?
First of all, awesome username lol
A high leverage ratio for a bank would mean that it can lend less on the same capital base. The leverage ratio ensures that banks are able to meet the short term stress. So during the current economy where it is more beneficial for banks to lend, a lower leverage ratio would be better (RBI did decrease the Leverage Ratio). This means the banks can lend more on the same capital base since they have to keep less as reserve.
In which fund (out of Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund and Public Fund) is the cess deposited?
https://www.financialexpress.com/what-is/cess-meaning/1616176/
Official answer key is (A). I have 2 queries -
1) 1813 Act as per Spectrum - "EIC was to retain possessions and revenue for 20 more yearswithoutprejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown". How is this different from the term "asserting the sovereignty of the British Crown over Indian territories" mentioned in the question ?
2) Also under which Act, the 3rd statement would fall? Will it be 1858 Act as Indian territories came directly under the British Crown ?
I think it's because "sovereign" would imply absolute control which like you pointed out only happened in the 1858 Act.
Official answer key is (A). I have 2 queries -
1) 1813 Act as per Spectrum - "EIC was to retain possessions and revenue for 20 more yearswithoutprejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown". How is this different from the term "asserting the sovereignty of the British Crown over Indian territories" mentioned in the question ?
2) Also under which Act, the 3rd statement would fall? Will it be 1858 Act as Indian territories came directly under the British Crown ?
-3rd i guess shld fall in 1833 act when eic's commercial functions were ceased completely
-I guess 20 year term was made to assert the dominance of the crown over Indian subjects, and therefore sovg. over eic, both convey the same thing imo
Even I thought 1833 but this one confused me
Even in this case would the revenue be considered under the control of theBritish Parliamentthough? Wouldn't that only happen through the 1858 Act?
Hey kind souls of the forum.
An elementary doubt. ECBs come under Capital Account if I am not wrong. So if Private investments seek external funding, why would it widen CAD (CAD I am guessing is Current Account Deficit)? Shouldn't it just have bearing just on Capital Account Balance reserve?
Thanks.
ECBs are mostly raised on floating interest rates that are volatile. The principal amount is a part of Capital account, However, the interests are to be paid yearly and hence, are a part of Current Account. So, ECBs can widen CAD courtesy the interest payments!
@AzadHindFauz Thanks for the reply. Makes sense.
How would the same logic hold for FDI and FIIs. According to UPSC, adopting suitable policies which attract greater FDI and more funds from FIIs will reduce CAD (Q. 10, 2011 UPSC Paper).
FDIs are considered to be part of Capital Account but they are used to finance CAD unlike ECBs. (Am I thinking on the right lines?) Or ECBs can also be used to finance CAD but they have an interest liability while FDIs are completely liability free as far as Current Account calculations are concerned.
However if there is higher FDI, then NIIP is hampered.
Am I making sense?
1. Please put the question for better contextualisation. From what I understood, FDIs and FIIs don't affect your CAD directly, but they do help in reducing the import bills if they are targeted in sectors that see high imports. Say, an FDI comes in for oil extraction from Mumbai High and we hit a jackpot in oil reserves that were hidden earlier.
2. For quite sometime, we are funding our CAD with Capital Account Surplus. FDIs help in that regard. But, instead of taking the ECB route that needs debt servicing from the Current Account, in effect, reinforcing the deficit till perpetuity- we prefer the FDI route. With FDI, there is no such obligation. True.
3. NIIP is a different indicator. It reveals about our creditworthiness. USA is the most indebted country in the world, yet the investors devour the country for investment purposes. A negative NIIP might also indicate a generally decent ecosystem for foreign investors.
Sorry for not contextualizing with the question. Please see attached. Thanks for your time. Wish the best for 4th October.
The question asks which of them can "help" reduce CAD. So yes policies that promote FDI and FII inflows can help in reducing CAD though there's no guarantee that it will reduce the CAD. Like@AzadHindFauz said, it would depend on which sector the FDI and FII is coming into and whether the FDI actually does help reduce imports and/or increase exports. At the same time, this does not mean that FDI and FII are part of the CAD. They are still part of the capital/financial account. It's just that they have the potential to reduce current account deficit (CAD).
And on the question you asked earlier about FDIs being used to finance current account deficit is partly right. To be more precise, capital account surplus is used to finance current account deficit. Theoretically, the current account deficit should be equal to the capital account surplus.
@msdian Check this link to get a better understanding.
https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1895/economics/current-and-financial-account-balance/
@simransingh There isn't a difference. Strategic disinvestment is basically disinvestment along with privatization. Privatization means the public asset is sold so that more than 51% is held by private entities. Disinvestment simply means that assets are sold and ownership is diluted. That is, in the case of disinvestment the government might sell some public assets but it would still hold more than 51% of the ownership stake. In strategic disinvestment, the govt. sells enough public assets so that private entities own more than 51% i.e. privatization.
It is said that era of nation states is coming to an end. What are post cold war challenges to nation states?
Globalization
Regionalization - regional organizations
emergence of non-state actors (MNCs)
blurring of boundaries of nation states due to increased travelling
migration and immigration
increased economic interdependence due to capitalism and free trade
emergence of common threats such as terrorism and climate change
Recharging of water table depends on:
a. amount of rainfall
b. relief of the area
c. vegetation of the area
d. amount of percolation
What's the answer?
I actually don't know the answer. The site where I got it from (examrobot) said relief of the area, but I thought it would be the amount of rainfall since the water table depth and all gets affected by the amount of precipitation.
For every Geography Related issue, go to pmfias.com
That guy has some brilliant notes on every topic. Plus it is dirt cheap for 200-300 something and a two year subscription. As far as I know, it is run by one of the ex aspirants. Everyone should buy his subscription I feel.
I whole heartedly second this. His notes are simply amazing imo. I think it's better than NCERT because it explains in more detail and from PYQs I think we need to know some of those detailed explanations.
Q. Which of the following features ensures constitutionalism in India?
1. Rule of law
2. Separation of power
3. Judicial reviewAns is 1,2,3
But India has Division of Powers right ?
Or Am I mixing things ?
Yeah I had the same doubt, but I think the reasoning is that while we don't have a proper separation of power since it's not explicit in the case of the executive and legislature we do have separation of power with respect to the judiciary. That's the only reasoning I could explain the answer with.
what is patent pooling?Since it is good fodder for mains also and can be used in a variety of answers, sharing this well-written article.
https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/325602/patent-poola questions follows , that the vaccine produced by Serum institute can be an exmaple of patent pooling ? - wrt to giving access to third party for the use of patent commodity,.?
I don't think it is. My understanding of patent pooling is that if A, B and C all have patents with respect to some technology and they give it to another person or company, D, to hold together as essentially one patent. This way if someone wants to license all three patents they can just go get the license from D instead of A, B and C separately. So if this is the case, I don't think Serum Institute had created any technology for them to pool their patents. They most likely just got the patent license from AstraZeneca.
Please clarify if my understanding is wrong or right if anyone knows about this in more detail.
If it is given in an option that GST compensation cess is credited to CFI then should we mark it as wrong or right? As first it is kept in CFI and then later transferred to the GST Compensation Fund under Public Account.
I would say Public Account since the actual GST Compensation Fund is created under the Public Account of India. Still, the wording of the question would matter and it could be quite ambiguous depending on the question so UPSC could go for either one of them as the right answer.
How would you answer the following question?
Consider the following statements.
- Chairman of Rajya Sabha presides over joint sitting of both houses of Parliament, if Speaker and Deputy Speaker of lower house is absent.
- The Provision of Joint sitting in State Legislature is not applied to Money Bills or Constitutional Amendment Bills.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
The choices are the usual 1 is correct, 2 is correct etc.
i say 2 onlyAs Dy Chairman presides in case both these are absent. Besides CM of RS is not even a member of house.S2: JS does not exist is SLA even for ordinary bills.
Yeah that's what I thought, but in the test series I was doing it said neither since there is no provision of joint sitting at all.
Q.9) The suggestion for framing of the Constitution of India by an elected Constituent Assembly was made bya) Simon Commissionsb) Government of India Act, 1935c) Cripps Missiond) Cabinet MissionIAS baba day 1 question 9. The answer key says cabinet mission. as per cripps proposal the Constitution was to be framed by an elected by constituent assembly. But the proposal was rejected by Muslim league. Then CA was constituted in nov 1946 as per scheme formulated by under cabinet mission.but then since the word suggestion is used in the Q shouldn’t the answer be cripps mission?
Yeah I agree with you. I think the answer in this case should be Cripps Mission.
1. COM are collectively responsible to the Parliament
2. COM are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha
I usually mark 2 only and it is correct but can someone explain me this statement in regard to the question.
The COM is collectively responsible to the Parliament is general and Lok Sabha in particular.
The CoM is only responsible to Lok Sabha and not to Parliament as a whole. The reasoning is that Rajya Sabha is representative of the states while the LS is representative of the people. The CoM or the govt. shouldn't have to be responsible towards the state, but it should be responsible towards the people instead.
Please explain?
I think it's D since money multiplication depends on banks lending money to new or existing ventures from the deposits they hold.
For a better clarification on the concept: Multiplier effect and the money supply (video) | Khan Academy
which is the largest trading bloc partner of india? is it EU or GCC or ASEAN? mrunal says EU is 3rd while vision says EU is first..!
EU is the largest.
Choose the correct statements-
1. ICOR will be higher for basic industries like cement, steel.
2. Time and cost overrun, inefficient technology increases the ICOR.
(a)1 only
(b)2 only
(c)Both 1 and 2
(d)None of them
Please explain
I think the answer is B. ICOR is a ratio of investment to growth. So a high value of ICOR means that a high level of investment is needed to create growth. So this means inefficiencies (statement 2) would increase ICOR since the productivity would be less and so growth would be less. Statement 1 I'm not too sure about. I think investment would lead to good growth since it could mean new machines, technologies and methodologies which would increase productivity and hence growth. So by that logic, it should have a low ICOR.
Okay. I'm still not entirely sold on this but, since the option doesn't take into account the democratic part at all. Question could have easily asked about what does mixed economy entail with regards to India and it would have still been C.
The meaning given in option C takes precedence only when Democratic Socialism is contrasted with State Socialism or Communist Socialism, which entails complete nationalization of means of production. Outside of the context, Democratic Socialism would first mean achieving for socialist goals through non violent, democratic means. Very possible question was picked straight from Laxmikant, hence C is the answer.
Does democratic socialism support the notion of natural inequality? Wouldn't constitutional democracy with natural inequality be liberalism?
Doubt about the density of continental and oceanic crust-
page no 25, ncert, physical geography says that continental crust is made up of heavier rocks having a density of 3 g/cm3.
The mean density of oceanic crust is 2.7 g/cm3.
G.C.Leong on the other hand says quite the opposite. That is, continental is 2.7 and oceanic is 3.
What should be our response if a question asks us about which one is denser?
Oceanic crust has to be the more dense one or else in subduction the oceanic crust wouldn't be the one to go below the continental crust.
Can states in India raise loans from outside India?
Article 293 states the following:
Subject to the provisions of this article, the executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory of India upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by the Legislature of such State by law and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed.
So the answer to your question would be that state governments can NOT raise loans outside India.
That being said, I think state governments can directly borrow from from bilateral financing agencies abroad for infrastructure projects with the central government providing a counter-guarantee. That is, if the state government fails to pay back the loan, the Centre would pay them back.
Can states in India raise loans from outside India?Article 293 states the following:
Subject to the provisions of this article, the executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory of India upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by the Legislature of such State by law and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed.
So the answer to your question would be that state governments can NOT raise loans outside India.
That being said, I think state governments can directly borrow from from bilateral financing agencies abroad for infrastructure projects with the central government providing a counter-guarantee. That is, if the state government fails to pay back the loan, the Centre would pay them back.
What if a state govt wants to borrow but not upon the security of consolidated fund of the state? Would such a limitation then apply? I don't think so.
The infrastructure example is regarding the state 'entities' and not the govt per se, i.e. state govt autonomous bodies or undertakings can borrow directly for infrastructure projects(otherwise they would have to depend on budgetary allocation or local borrowings). In this example too, guarantee is provided by state govt itself and counter guarantee by Central govt.
Then what would the state government provide as security? And in the infrastructure case, state entities can NOT borrow. It is the state government that borrows the money on behalf of the entity.
“The funding arrangements that bilateral agencies such as Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provide, is either with State governments or central PSUs — State entities are not allowed,” said Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. “If any State entity needs funding for its projects, it has to approach the State government and any such funding would be included under the State’s borrowing limits set by the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM law).”
Can states in India raise loans from outside India?Article 293 states the following:
Subject to the provisions of this article, the executive power of a State extends to borrowing within the territory of India upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State within such limits, if any, as may from time to time be fixed by the Legislature of such State by law and to the giving of guarantees within such limits, if any, as may be so fixed.
So the answer to your question would be that state governments can NOT raise loans outside India.
That being said, I think state governments can directly borrow from from bilateral financing agencies abroad for infrastructure projects with the central government providing a counter-guarantee. That is, if the state government fails to pay back the loan, the Centre would pay them back.
What if a state govt wants to borrow but not upon the security of consolidated fund of the state? Would such a limitation then apply? I don't think so.
The infrastructure example is regarding the state 'entities' and not the govt per se, i.e. state govt autonomous bodies or undertakings can borrow directly for infrastructure projects(otherwise they would have to depend on budgetary allocation or local borrowings). In this example too, guarantee is provided by state govt itself and counter guarantee by Central govt.
Then what would the state government provide as security? And in the infrastructure case, state entities can NOT borrow. It is the state government that borrows the money on behalf of the entity.
“The funding arrangements that bilateral agencies such as Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provide, is either with State governments or central PSUs — State entities are not allowed,” said Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. “If any State entity needs funding for its projects, it has to approach the State government and any such funding would be included under the State’s borrowing limits set by the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM law).”
I read about Kerala issuing Bonds (like masala bonds) in the international market - kerala infrastructure investments bonds in london stock exchnage. This is a external borrorwing, by kerala govt.
So, I think they can borrow, maybe with permission of the central govt if they have some outstanding loans with the centre.
There was a case in the SC claiming this was unconstitutional. I couldn't find out what happened to the case. The petitioner withdrew the petition once, but then filed again I think. I'm not too sure what the end result of this was.
More importantly, the CAG had also said this power was not provided in the Constitution since it violates Article 293 (1). So for the purposes of the exam, I think we should go with that the state govt. can NOT borrow from abroad upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State.
KIIFB borrowings have no legislative nod: CAG report - The Hindu
If British parliament is supreme and Judiciary has no review powers what remedy do people have if parliament becomes dictatorial. Like if government passes any law that we feel is derogatory to constitution we go to courts. What do Britons do.
Why is the Arya Samaj considered revivalist?
What explains the aversion of shanta kumar committee and niti aayog towards NFSA. Shanta kumar recommended curtailing coverage from present 66.6% to 40% and niti also made a similar call recently. And is DBT a real substitute for food grains? Given the patriarchal nature wouldnt the money be controlled by male of the family and I know it's a cynical view but how would you ensure that the money actually goes towards nutrition and not towards alcohol, and other vices or priorities. Further , when govt provides food theoretically there's some minimum standard , regardless of how much the inflation is people get food. If DBT isn't inflation adjusted people won't be able to purchase food.m when tomatoes go 100 and onions 80.
And This is being recommended when GHI ranking shows india as one of the hungriest country of the world. Further, CoVid ke time par when the even the much vaunted middle class has shrunk by 3 crore and lining up for ration, niti aisa kyu suggest krega.
Give me counter arguments.
Advantages of DBT in Food:
- lower food subsidy (saves money for the govt.)
- reduce operational costs of FCI
- lower transaction and administrative costs
- easier to implement
- increases choices for beneficiaries
Challenges of DBT in Food:
- lack of data on how it impacts food consumption and nutrition
- low financial and digital literacy
- potential for volatility in prices and inflation
Way forward:
- standardization and digitization of databases
- ensure adequate supply of food grains in the open market (rope in pvt. sector)
- will help control inflation and price volatility
- NITI Aayog:
- expand the use of mobile phones as a tool to inc. interaction w/beneficiaries and for rapid grievance redressal
- provide beneficiaries choice b/w DBT or food assistance via PDS i.e. choice-based system
- adjust DBT for inflation
What explains the aversion of shanta kumar committee and niti aayog towards NFSA. Shanta kumar recommended curtailing coverage from present 66.6% to 40% and niti also made a similar call recently. And is DBT a real substitute for food grains? Given the patriarchal nature wouldnt the money be controlled by male of the family and I know it's a cynical view but how would you ensure that the money actually goes towards nutrition and not towards alcohol, and other vices or priorities. Further , when govt provides food theoretically there's some minimum standard , regardless of how much the inflation is people get food. If DBT isn't inflation adjusted people won't be able to purchase food.m when tomatoes go 100 and onions 80.
And This is being recommended when GHI ranking shows india as one of the hungriest country of the world. Further, CoVid ke time par when the even the much vaunted middle class has shrunk by 3 crore and lining up for ration, niti aisa kyu suggest krega.
Give me counter arguments.
Also on the point of the money being controlled by the males I think you have to look at it in a bit longer term and more holistically. If it's combined with women empowerment (education, especially financial literacy) and other such gender mainstreaming policies these issues will reduce over time.
As far as I know, there is no specific definition of 'civil servants' in India but I guess you can consider all bureaucrats to be civil servants. Also, 'civil servants' would be a subset of 'public servants.' The ones who are considered 'public servants' is defined by the IPC and there's a specific definition in the Prevention of Corruption Act (only for the purposes of the Act). So as per the definition of IPC it would include judges, members of the military, someone who is paid by the govt. etc. This would include the Ministers (Karunanidhi case) as well, but I don't think it extends to all politicians.
Section 21 in The Indian Penal Code (indiankanoon.org)
Now in a more general sense, I think you can consider 'civil servants' to be employed by the govt. while 'public servants' are those who serve the public which would include politicians, activists and so on, but this is not the legal or official definition of 'public servant.'
Statements: Some glasses are not goggles.
All glasses are gases.
No glass is a goose.
Conclusions: I. Some gases are geese.
II. Some gases are not goggles.
Is the answer neither?
This is my reasoning.
There are other variations we can draw the Venn diagram in such a way to satisfy the conclusions, but since this is a possibility that satisfies all the statements we can't say the conclusions are possible under all conditions. Now if it said that it is possible for some gas to be geese or that it is possible that some gases are not goggles then the conclusions would be true.
At same latitude , insolation is more in continent or ocean
can someone clarify please ??
It's more over the continents. There is usually more cloud cover over oceans compared to continents. This means less sunlight reaches the ocean compared to continents since the clouds over the oceans reflect the sunlight.
Doubt:
Western ghat meet Deccan plateau at which place ??
Eastern ghats meet deccan plateau in Satkosia TR Orissa (given in PT)
Western Ghats meets the Deccan Plateau at Bandipur NP I think (source: Wikipedia page of Bandipur NP). Also Satkosia being where the Eastern Ghats and Deccan Plateau meet is probably the right, since the Satkosia Gorge is in the Eastern Ghats while the Baisapalli WS is in the Deccan Pleateau.
Private debt – to – GDP is more than Government debt – to – GDP.
is this correct?
I don't think so.
India's debt lower than best emerging market economies: IMF - The Economic Times (indiatimes.com)
This article says the public debt-GDP ratio is higher than pvt. debt-GDP ratio. The article is from 2018 but considering COVID-19 which has increased the borrowings by the government, I think this should still be the case. Also there are reports of India's public debt-GDP ratio reaching 90% in 2020-21.
Consider the following statements regarding the interest rates linked with an external benchmark rate:
(i) External benchmark rate can be repo rate or yield on government securities or any rate published by Financial Benchmarks India Pvt. Ltd.
(ii) Once repo rate changes the lending rate of banks will automatically change
(iii) Banks are mandated by RBI to link the deposit and lending rate with external benchmark rate
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) (i) only
(b) (i) & (ii) only
(c) (ii) only
(d) (i) & (iii) only
why the third statement is wrong can someone tell this please and also the previous doubt
I'm not a 100% sure, but I don't think they're mandated to link their deposit rates to external benchmarks. Only the lending rates.
Division of subjects between Centre and Provinces - GOI Act 1919 or 1935 ?
Spectrum refers as 1935 while Forum key refers as 1919.
I think the 1935 one clearly created the three lists, but the jurisdiction of the central and provincial govt. was defined in the 1919 one. So I think if the question asks in a general sense, the answer would be 1919 and if they specifically ask which act created the three lists then it would be 1935.
@sstarrr yes but separation of subjects was provided constitutionally. The initial query isn’t on the concept of federalism and how the situation was post GoI Act, 1919. It was in respect of today’s SFG test question where the statement given was: ‘it demarcated and separated the central and provincial subjects’.The overarching powers to the Gov. Gen. were also a constitutional provision. His power to unilaterally change a subject’s category has no bearing on whether overall the subjects were demarcated. The Act itself very clearly makes a distinction between Central subjects and Provincial subjects. What constitutes those subjects was decided based on rules, so an executive decision but again, the question isn’t who or how the subjects were demarcated, just whether separation was provided or not.I think now we’re both aligned. While which subjects were put under which list would be done as per rules provided under the act, the answer for the question whether subjects were divided first under GoI Act 1919 or 1935 would be- 1919
Also this is a PYQ asked in 2015.
Why are collegium recommendations sent to law ministry for clearance? Shouldn't they be sent to president who should act accordingly as he has no discretion and is bound by decision of collegium? Is it because of memorandum of procedure?
They can send the recommendations back for reconsideration and if the Collegium still sticks to the recommendation then it is binding.
D?
I did (d). Vajiram and drishti had (a) as an answer. I don't know why?
Prima facie, even I would have gone for (d). But if I re-read the last sentence properly, I can see that they have mentioned two roles for a state. A)To abstain from bla bla blah and B) Regarding private players..
Now if I look at these two(which one will get only after reading and re-reading very properly), then I will go with option 1 and 2..
I wonder what Upsc has mentioned in its own answer key though. Because only then will we be able to know whether. We need to read sentences on the face value , or should we read between the lines..
What is the upsc answer?
The reason I didn't go for A is because of the word 'institution.' There is no mention of institution or anything in the paragraph. If they had said 'mechanism' I might have gone for A. I would still go with D unless of course UPSC says its A
The above link says HFCs are short lived climate pollutants while Shankar says HFCs have long atmospheric life??
can someone explain?
They are short lived. They have a lifetime of around 15 to 30 years.
Does SLR affect the money multiplier?Higher slr will decrease the m.m. as less money will be available to offer as credit
But when banks buy SLR, banks give money to the govt , if govt spends money, there would be increase in money supply.
I am not sure how will that work because these both are opposing actions and there are chances that this might lead to increase in Money supply.
SLR requires banks to keep money in the form of cash, gold and securities. The intent of increasing SLR is to reduce money supply. So while theoretically you are right that if banks buy govt. bonds and govts. spend that money there would be an increase in money supply but practically this would never happen since it would defeat the purpose of increasing SLR. Also, the government wouldn't actually immediately get that money either since it would be the RBI that is selling the securities and so that revenue would be with the RBI right?
Please explain option 'c' and 'd'
I think the answer is D. The money raised through monetization has to be a part of fiscal deficit since it's mainly used to bring down fiscal deficit which would be a bit difficult if it's not considered to be a part of fiscal deficit. And it doesn't raise the public debt since the deficit is reduced by printing more money or by getting money through OMOs and not through debt.
Please explain option 'c' and 'd'
I could be wrong but I believe option A is right.
A is right as RBI loans it to the govt directly by buying Govt bonds/bills through primary market.
B is wrong as FRBM act doesnt allow it (though amendement has allowed only in special circumstances- so not sure about this)
C is wrong - even as monetisation means creating fresh money to finance govt spending directly , i.e. it monetises FD but still it is part of FD.-
http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Deficit_Measurement_in_India
D is wrong as ultimately govt has to pay back these loans from RBI later. So it does increase public debt as they are part of internal debt cumulatively.
Is monetization of deficit considered as a debt though? I had thought they're not loans given by the RBI. The loans given by RBI are through Ways and Means Advances (WMAs). So in this case, it wouldn't be considered as public debt.
one of the powers of Election Commission mentioned is to determine the territorial area of electoral constituencies throughout the country based on Delimitation Commission Act of Parliament. What does this power mean? Isn't delimitation carried out by the Delimitation Commission itself? Is it merely advisory?
I think it's like the President and the CoM. Everything is done by the President, but not really.
@Shailputri Read this chapter in NCERT: chap4.pmd (ncert.nic.in) The 3rd statement is almost verbatim from it.
RBI doesn't buy securities to provide finance to the government. That would mean the RBI gives money to the investors and so the government wouldn't actually be getting any money. RBI would have to sell securities to investors so that it can get money which can then be transferred to the government. In both cases, the money is not being printed by RBI and so there would be no increase in reserve money since it is defined as printed money.
Plz help with this question
I think it's because the batteries themselves aren't used in place of IC engines, but instead they're used as the fuel source i.e. instead of petrol or diesel. In electric vehicles, they use an electric motor instead of the IC engine and this motor is then powered by the battery.
In this question, non financial debt is defined as those in which credit is issued by non financial entities. But isn't housing loans and credit cards also issued by banks? Why was its answer given as 'D'.?
As per my understanding it's not credit issued by non financial entities, but it is the debt that is not in the financial sector. So in this case, individuals, households and the government is not considered to be a part of the financial sector. The debt held by investment banks, insurance companies, commercial banks etc. would be financial debt since all these are part of the financial sector.
How does DNA vaccine work for COVID?
DNA vaccine uses a gene (the gene that is responsible for the spike protein of COVID) from the virus and once it enters the nucleus it is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into the spike protein. Now our bodies will create antibodies to that protein. In mRNA that first step of transcribing into mRNA is skipped.
