Route 1 terms used interchangeably → Marx gives them a distinct edge → liberty = liberal non-interference (Mill)

Route 2 liberty = freedom from external restraint, negative → Marx prefers “freedom,” deeper and social → real freedom is more than being left alone

liberal liberty: being left alone, Mill → Marx prefers freedom, liberty tied to liberalism → bourgeois liberty partial: isolated individual, civil-political not socio-economic equality, bound up with alienation → Marx’s freedom: not isolation, social, in community → “freedom from necessities,” necessity + alienation reduced → natural needs connect people, common good not a sum → labour as “a liberating activity,” ruined by capitalism → Walicki: unfettered self-realisation, fewer constraints + positive conditions → conditions: abolish private property + wage-labour, shorter labour time

liberal defence: liberty as non-interference + formal equality guards the individual vs Marx’s social freedom as collective and condition-dependent

Route 1 freedom realised collectively → Engels: kingdom of necessity → kingdom of freedom

Route 2 Marx redefines freedom: from non-interference to self-realisation → “free development of each = free development of all”