The success of Mahatma Gandhi lay in transforming both political and non-political movements into a unified nationalist movement.
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 success = integration → Congress moved from elite politics to mass politics
Route 2 distinctive move = fuse political struggle with ethical–social reconstruction → means and ends made continuous
political goals (Swaraj, Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, Quit India) tied to ethical / social reconstruction → non-political work (khadi, Swadeshi, removal of untouchability, village work) absorbed into nationalism → Khilafat brings Hindu–Muslim unity; Champaran / Kheda / Ahmedabad draw in peasants and workers → continuity of means and ends; freedom without ethical self-rule incomplete → Pantham: integral democracy, private morality + public freedom
M.N. Roy and Ambedkar → this fusion restrained more radical social transformation
Route 1 not mere mobilization but integration of political, social, economic and moral energies into one nationalism
Route 2 success lay in making the non-political part of the political → a single mass movement
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
