Topic: Politics of Representation and Participation
Write an essay on ‘New Social Movements’ in developing countries.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 not every demand is material → Marxist reductionism fails → protest shifts to identity, rights, environmentRoute 2 Habermas: revolt against the…
Has the increased participation of the underprivileged in the political process of the developing societies strengthened democracy or created political chaos and conflict? Comment.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 post-1980s democratisation wave → participation central to democracy → underprivileged drawn in → deepening, not decayRoute 2 entry of the excluded…
Explain the impact of electoral systems and cleavages in shaping party systems with reference to developing countries.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 party system = relevant parties (Sartori), not raw count → two shapers: electoral rules + cleavagesRoute 2 electoral design vs social…
Comment on the decline of political parties and examine whether new social movements shall be alternative strategy for establishing link between government and society.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 parties aggregate interests, central to representative democracy → but link between government and society weakeningRoute 2 representative democracy in worldwide decline…
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