Topic: Politics of Representation and Participation
How does democratic politics construct citizenship? (150 words)
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Clientilism (150 words)
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Discuss the major recent social movements related to the physical rights of women in various countries of the world.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 physical rights = freedom from violence + control over one’s own body → sharpest edge of women’s rights → recent movements…
Critically examine the role of political parties in sustaining and stabilising democracies in the developing societies.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 parties = bridge between State & citizenry → participation, representation, accountabilityRoute 2 survival of democracy turns on party institutionalisation, not mere…
Of late, centrist and centre-left political parties have been facing setbacks while centre-right parties have been in ascendency the world over. Comment.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 spectrum set by ownership → left/state–proletariat, right/private–capital, centre/liberal + social democracy → name the trendRoute 2 setbacks are real → but…
Examine the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) movement in developed societies and how it is affecting the political participation in developing societies.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 LGBT movement = new social movement of the developed West → quality of life over material demandRoute 2 its real weight…
How big a role does identity play in determining political participation in the developing countries? Discuss your answer with suitable illustrations.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 West runs on rule of law → developing world runs on identity → identity fills the gapRoute 2 legal institutions weakly…
Explain the reasons for low voter turnout in democratic countries with suitable examples.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 turnout read as a health-check of democracy → its steady fall has no single cause → symptom of a widening citizen–institution…
Write an essay on ‘New Social Movements’ in developing countries.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 not every demand is material → Marxist reductionism fails → protest shifts to identity, rights, environmentRoute 2 Habermas: revolt against the…
Has the increased participation of the underprivileged in the political process of the developing societies strengthened democracy or created political chaos and conflict? Comment.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 post-1980s democratisation wave → participation central to democracy → underprivileged drawn in → deepening, not decayRoute 2 entry of the excluded…
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