Topic: Politics of Representation and Participation
How does democratic politics construct citizenship? (150 words)
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Clientilism (150 words)
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Discuss the major recent social movements related to the physical rights of women in various countries of the world.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 physical rights = freedom from violence + control over one’s own body → sharpest edge of women’s rights → recent movements…
Critically examine the role of political parties in sustaining and stabilising democracies in the developing societies.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 parties = bridge between State & citizenry → participation, representation, accountabilityRoute 2 survival of democracy turns on party institutionalisation, not mere…
Of late, centrist and centre-left political parties have been facing setbacks while centre-right parties have been in ascendency the world over. Comment.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 spectrum set by ownership → left/state–proletariat, right/private–capital, centre/liberal + social democracy → name the trendRoute 2 setbacks are real → but…
Has the increased participation of the underprivileged in the political process of the developing societies strengthened democracy or created political chaos and conflict? Comment.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 post-1980s democratisation wave → participation central to democracy → underprivileged drawn in → deepening, not decayRoute 2 entry of the excluded…
Explain the impact of electoral systems and cleavages in shaping party systems with reference to developing countries.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 party system = relevant parties (Sartori), not raw count → two shapers: electoral rules + cleavagesRoute 2 electoral design vs social…
“Political parties and pressure groups are sine qua non of democracy.’ Comment.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 democracy = organised choice → parties + pressure groups the two channels that make choice possibleRoute 2 claim restated → both…
Discuss the role of social movements in strengthening the democratic processes in developing societies.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 developing democracy often procedural, limited to voting → movements as the chief non-party channel carrying democracy beyond the ballotRoute 2 define…
Examine the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) movement in developed societies and how it is affecting the political participation in developing societies.
Flow snapshot — how the answer movesIntro routesRoute 1 LGBT movement = new social movement of the developed West → quality of life over material demandRoute 2 its real weight…
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