PYQ Vault · Paper 2 · Evolution of the International Economic System
Latin America has made moderate success in countering US-led global economic order by forming various
How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
ntegration and alternative development. Discuss.
Body flow
kr! quarrel older than the organisations → Prebisch / structuralists: primary exports for the region, returns for the North → after 2000 the critique gets written into institutions → spine staked: bargaining space widened, structure untouched R2 take the question's three terms → each has a body to show for it → each stops short of the structure → that gap is what “moderate” names
Counter-view
ALBA 2004: barter, oil-for-services, regional currency unit vs market conditionality → Bank of the South 2007: finance free of IMF conditions, NIEO in regional form → MERCOSUR: customs union deepened → UNASUR 2008 + CELAC 2011: forums without Washington, OAS answered → Mar del Plata 2005: FTAA restart blocked, talks never resumed → turn → Bank of the South never capitalised, lent nothing → UNASUR fractures after 2018, Argentina/Brazil back only in 2023 → bodies track the electoral cycle, not a settled regional interest → unaligned agendas, weak governance, inequality → Cox: institutions are never neutral → Monroe Doctrine 1823 still live, now aimed at Chinese investment and Russian ties
Conclusion routes
never a break at all → G20, APEC, Inter-American Development Bank → push for larger presence in the OECD (Mello: Western-led liberal vehicle) → engagement inside the order, not exit from it R1 moderate is the right word → voice won, one veto won, authorship of the rules not won → Parsons’s “hot peace” over any new order R2 refusal proved easier than replacement → the FTAA died, the Bank of the South never lived → resilience and voice, no rupture
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
