Route 1 security once state + military → Buzan: environment + human welfare now core → referent shifts state → individual

Route 2 human security = safety from chronic threats + sudden disruptions → economic base necessary, but material well-being ≠ dignity/safety/freedom → hence emphasise alongside

economic security necessary but not sufficient → growth coexists with violence, exclusion, rights violations (income figures hide insecurity) → non-traditional threats bind both (Caballero-Anthony: economic + food + health + human + energy security, non-military sources) → climate / degradation / migration hit livelihoods + safety together → examples: Horn of Africa displacement + food insecurity, Pakistan floods, pandemics (health + economy) → gendered burden: women/girls at conflict–climate intersection → threats transnational → no single state secures alone → SDGs frame poverty/inequality/health/environment as connected

older state-centric, growth-as-sufficient view → corrected: material growth can mask violence, exclusion and lived insecurity

Route 1 durable security needs both economic well-being + wider human-security protections

Route 2 neither alone suffices → economic and human security as two faces of one non-traditional agenda