How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 both senses answer “what is freedom?” → Berlin frames both → contrast sets up the state’s role
Route 2 liberty splits into freedom-from vs freedom-to → divide tracks classical vs modern liberalism
negative = freedom from restraint → rational agent, state must not fix ends → Hobbes (impediments) → Hayek (absence of coercion) → state as necessary evil → positive = freedom to act / realise potential → exercise concept (ability to use opportunity) → Green (power to do what is worth doing; hinder the hindrances) → Tawney (poor’s liberty needs restraint of rich) → Sen (capabilities)
MacCallum → no simple dichotomy → freedom as triadic relation (agent–constraints–goal)
Route 1 negative secures the space, positive supplies the power to use it → complementary, not rival
Route 2 the meaning of liberty decides the state’s role → the divide is about the state as much as about freedom
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
Also asked on this head
Equality — 13 questions in the Vault.
- What is capability approach? Elaborate the distinctive features of the capability theory of equality.
- The freedom of the pike is death to the minnows. (150 words)
- Write a note on the relation between equality and
How this is taught
The same flow snapshot, built for every head of the syllabus, with the answer written in class.
The first session of Foundation 2027 is published in full.
Six programmes across three levels.