How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
R1 AA contested because support and criticism rest on rival conceptions of equality R2 the real divide is equal treatment (formal) vs fair treatment (substantive)
Body flow
support turns formal into substantive equality → Rawls (difference principle / fair opportunity) → Dworkin (brute luck, not choice) → Sen (capabilities / remove actual injustice) → Indra Sawhney (Art 16(4) as restatement of equality) → critics work from equal treatment → Nozick (rights) → Sowell (merit + division) → reverse discrimination cluster (creamy layer / stigma / self-perpetuation)
Counter-view
equal treatment + merit + rights vs fair treatment + historical disadvantage
Conclusion routes
R1 statement holds because both sides defend a genuine idea of equality rouves R2 calibrated AA (temporary, targeted, reviewed) delivers substantive equality without sacrificing fairness
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
