How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
R1 both senses answer “what is freedom?” → Berlin frames both → contrast sets up the state’s role R2 liberty splits into freedom-from vs freedom-to → divide tracks classical vs modern liberalism
Body flow
negative = freedom from restraint → rational agent, state must not fix ends → Hobbes (impediments) → Hayek (absence of coercion) → state as necessary evil → positive = freedom to act / realise potential → exercise concept (ability to use opportunity) → Green (power to do what is worth doing; hinder the hindrances) → Tawney (poor’s liberty needs restraint of rich) → Sen (capabilities)
Counter-view
MacCallum → no simple dichotomy → freedom as triadic relation (agent- constraints-goal)
Conclusion routes
R1 negative secures the space, positive supplies the power to use it → complementary, not rival R2 the meaning of liberty decides the state’s role → the divide is about the state as much as about freedom
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
