How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
R1 most contested instrument of substantive equality → deliberate support for historically disadvantaged groups R2 India = reservation in education / employment / legislatures → Articles 15 & 16
Body flow
equal rules → fair conditions → past injustice + structural exclusion → Rawls (difference principle, least advantaged) → Ambedkar (political democracy needs social democracy) → Sowell (reverse discrimination, merit, division) → creamy layer + self-perpetuation → counter: merit socially produced + right, not charity
Counter-view
reverse discrimination, merit erosion, social division, creamy layer → rights / socially-produced merit / inclusion
Conclusion routes
R1 necessary for distributive justice → must stay calibrated (evolving criteria, creamy-layer exclusion, review) R2 Ram Singh, 2015 → continuous review so deserving benefit
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
