How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Flow snapshot — how the answer moves
Intro routes
R) affirmative action as the instrument converting formal → substantive equality R2 deliberate state measures for groups hit by historical discrimination + structural exclusion → India frame (reservation, Arts 15/16)
Body flow
TT Terme meaning + Indian form → moral justification (Rawls’s difference principle → Ambedkar’s social democracy) → aim is fair conditions, not favour
Counter-view
Sowell: weakens merit, deepens division → reverse discrimination / creamy layer / stigma persist
Conclusion routes
R1 necessary for distributive justice routes R2 valid only as targeted, reviewable measure — not a permanent entitlement
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
