How the answer moves
The flow snapshot — the routes in, the body, the counter-view and the routes out.
Route 1 most contested instrument of substantive equality → deliberate support for historically disadvantaged groups
Route 2 India = reservation in education / employment / legislatures → Articles 15 & 16
equal rules → fair conditions → past injustice + structural exclusion → Rawls (difference principle, least advantaged) → Ambedkar (political democracy needs social democracy) → Sowell (reverse discrimination, merit, division) → creamy layer + self-perpetuation → counter: merit socially produced + right, not charity
reverse discrimination, merit erosion, social division, creamy layer ↔ rights / socially-produced merit / inclusion
Route 1 necessary for distributive justice → must stay calibrated (evolving criteria, creamy-layer exclusion, review)
Route 2 Ram Singh, 2015 → continuous review so deserving benefit
Model answer
Handwritten, in the form it would be written in the examination hall.
Also asked on this head
Equality — 13 questions in the Vault.
- What is capability approach? Elaborate the distinctive features of the capability theory of equality.
- The freedom of the pike is death to the minnows. (150 words)
- Write a note on the relation between equality and
How this is taught
The same flow snapshot, built for every head of the syllabus, with the answer written in class.
The first session of Foundation 2027 is published in full.
Six programmes across three levels.